Clinical Manifestations of a Pulmonary Disease Flashcards
dyspnea
uncomfortable breathing
severe dyspnea
flared nostrils, use of accessory muscles, retraction of the intercostal spaces
dyspnea on exertion
shortness of breathe with activity
ortohpnea
when lying down
paraxsymal noctural dyspnea
awakening at night and gasping for air
altered breathing patterns
1) restricted breathing
2) Cheyne-Stokes respirations
3) Kussmaul
Restricted breathing
disorder that stiffen the lung or chest wall and decrease compliance
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
alternating period of deep and shallow breathing;
* apnea lasting 15-60 seconds, followed by ventilations that increase in volume until a peak is reached, after which ventilation decreases again to apnea
Kussmaul
increased rate and tidal volume, no expiratory pause
* caused by strenuous exercise and acidosis
DEEP, RAPID Breathing
Hyperventilation
Alveolar ventilation EXCEEDS the metabolic demands.
- Leads to RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
- caused by anxiety, head injury, severe hypoxemia
Hypoventilation
Alveolar ventilation is INADEQUATE in relationship to the metabolic demands
- Leads to RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
- caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control of breathing.
Hemoptysis
coughing up blood or bloody secretions
Abnormal sputum
changes in amount, consistency, color, odor
Cyanosis
Bluish discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes
Peripheral: (poor circulation) look at toes
Central: decreased arterial oxygenation, look at buccal mm, lips
PAIN
1) Pleural Pain
2) Chest Wall pain
