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British History > Restoration > Flashcards

Restoration Flashcards

1
Q

What has De Krey argued about the 1679-81 crisis?

A

It was a multifaceted Restoration crisis, rather than an exclusion crisis

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2
Q

What does De Krey see the competition between Whigs and Tories as marking a turning point in?

A

The development of more modern structures of political debate and discussion

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3
Q

What does De Krey argue marked a crisis in the English restoration? What was it prompted by?

A

1667-73

Parliamentary consideration of an act to replace the expiring Conventicle Act of 1664

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4
Q

As what can the Restoration be seen as a transitional era between?

A

Long Reformation and the long 18th century

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5
Q

How was the triumphal royalism of 1660-1 seen in the 1970s?

A

As representing a deep seated national urge to re-establish monarchy

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6
Q

Who argued that politics were secularised after 1660?

A

Whigs and Marxists

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7
Q

Who argued that “new situations and new sets of problems for the restored monarch and his ministers” after 1660?

A

Jones

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8
Q

Who have argued that 1660 did not mark a fundamental watershed?

A

Harris and Goldie

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9
Q

What is an example to support the argument that there was a significant continuity in personnel?

A

Earl of Shaftesbury

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10
Q

What does Rose argue about Restoration political thinking?

A

That it often took place in a religious framework

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11
Q

Which two historians have shown that the collapse of the Protectorate after Richard Cromwell’s succession was not inevitable?

A

Woolrych and Hutton

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12
Q

What did anti-republic political discourse from 1659 focus on?

A

Need for a legitimate parliament AND need for a legitimate monarch

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13
Q

What did most people want?

A

A new and comprehensive settlement of hte country’s political and religious institutions

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14
Q

What was the desire for a free parliament based on, if not solely the restoration of Charles?

A

Reaction against the management, purging and massaging of Parliament since 1648

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15
Q

What does De Krey argue the political reaction of 59-60 based on?

A

“Preserving both parliament government and Protestant tradition”

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16
Q

What was most significantly restored in 1660

A

Unsteady partnership between crown and parliament

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17
Q

What was Restoration England a reaction against?

A

Sectarianism, republicanism, army, fiscal excesses, arbitrary government of partial parliaments

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18
Q

What was the impact of the habit of resolving disputes and resolving goals through political and legal channels?

A

Created an internalised and ingrained respect for the law

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19
Q

What was there a pervasive concern for?

A

Consensus and conciliation

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20
Q

What was the role of the monarch according to the ancient constitution?

A

To defend realm from attack and through law courts, maintain order, protect property, resolve disputes

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21
Q

Why were prerogatives necessary according to the ancient constitution?

A

For the safety of the people and proper conduct of government

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22
Q

On what was there an emphasis as part of the ancient constitution?

A

Mutuality, participation, cooperation, consensus

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23
Q

What was implied by images of the king as a father figure?

A

That he was an innate and superior authority, but also that he had a duty to rule in his subjects’ interests

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24
Q

What did the concept of an ancient constitution allow for?

A

Ordered constitutional evolution

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25
Q

What came to be seen as contracts?

A

King’s coronation oath and subjects’ oaths of allegiance

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26
Q

What did people argue about the ancient constitution after 1646?

A

That it perpetuated tyranny and injustice

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27
Q

What was the restoration of monarchy seen as an essential condition for?

A

The restoration of gentry rule and the ancient constitution

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28
Q

Why was there every reason to give Charles II the benefit of the doubt?

A

Quarrel always with Charles rather than monarchy

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29
Q

Into what was Charles I transformed?

A

A martyr for monarchy and church

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30
Q

What did Whigs avoid talking about and speculating during the Exclusion Crisis?

A

Origins of government; preferred to urge king to heed fates of Edward II, Richard II and III

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31
Q

What did royalists argue was a lesser evil than the confusion unleashed by active resistance?

A

Occasional misuse of royal power

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32
Q

What did most Royalists and Tories believe in?

A

Common law - expected king to respect it

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33
Q

What was one key way in which royalists differed from Whigs (think threats)?

A

In seeing the main threat to the constitution and law as coming from revolution from below rather than crown

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34
Q

Why was the instinct to restore the ancient constitution?

A

Tried and tested means of providing effective, ordered government while securing liberties of the people

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35
Q

When was the Cavalier parliament?

A

May 1661

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36
Q

What was the first act passed by the Cavalier parliament?

A

Declared that the houses could not legislate without the king (all legislation since 1641 void)

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37
Q

What 1640s bone of contention was also resolved in an act from 1661?

A

Sole command of armed forces and militia reserved for king

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38
Q

What did the 1662 Licensing Act give?

A

Statutory basis to pre-publication press censorship

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39
Q

Why was the restoration policy inherently unstable constitutionally?

A

Did not provide crown with meals to rule without parliament, nor did it provide parliament with the means to maintain its role in government against a determined crown

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40
Q

Who argues that dissatisfaction with Charles’ diplomatic and domestic policies led to a breakdown as early as 1666-7?

A

Seaward

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41
Q

Who argues that Westminster politics tended to polarise along religious lines in the 60s and 70s?

A

Henning

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42
Q

How does Keeble view the 1660s?

A

As quickly slipping into “disappointment, disillusionment and resentment”

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43
Q

Who argues that the restoration chiefly restored “England’s troubles”?

A

Scott

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44
Q

Was the impact of the demystification of monarchy?

A

Crown had to maintain public support through the image of moderation as well as sacral imagery of divine right

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45
Q

With what kind of language did the royalists have to compete with?

A

Law, an ancient constitution, parliament, popular liberties, neighbourliness, urban citizenship

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46
Q

Who has argued that the restored crown’s capacity to manage the localities was also limited?

A

Coleby, Gauci, Halliday, Miller

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47
Q

Who have argued that the multilayered character of stuart government inhibited decisive interventions by the monarchy?

A

Braddick and Goldie

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48
Q

What % of the adult male population might be in some office at any given time?

A

As much as 5%

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49
Q

In what was Political power shared?

A

network of agencies - stakeholders from rich to poor

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50
Q

When did Charles begin to flex his prerogative?

A

when he was secure on his throne

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51
Q

What has de Krey argued resulted from the political crisis of 1679-81?

A

the beginnings of modern English politics rather than a repetition of the crisis of 40-2.

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52
Q

What period were the 70s traditionally compared to? What kind of comparisons were made?

A

1620s

  • fear of European Protestantism’s extinction (30 YW vs. Louis XIV)
  • Petitions against marriage of heir to foreign catholic
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53
Q

What did Holles (ex-speaker) argue was a violation in 1676 when Charles failed to fall parliament?

A

Petition of Right and Magna Carta

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54
Q

What was demanded in 74?

A

Removal of “evil counsellors”

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55
Q

Who led country opposition by 1675?

A

Shaftesbury and Buckingham

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56
Q

When did MPs try and push Charles into war with France?

A

1678

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57
Q

What did the Scots do in 1673 and with whose help?

A

Challenged Lauderdale’s management of the kingdom with help of English MPs

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58
Q

Why did Ireland remain quiet in this period?

A

Indulged Catholics and dissenters and economy rebounded from civil war disruptions

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59
Q

What challenged patriarchal and divine right theory in the 79/81 crisis?

A

Reassertion of contractual political theory and of natural and historic rights

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60
Q

What does Goldie see ideology as born in?

A

“As much in anticlericalism as in constitutionalism”

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61
Q

Whose techniques of parliamentary management did they criticise and when?

A

Danby, 74-8

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62
Q

What did York refuse to comply to?

A

1673 Test Act

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63
Q

Who argues the the confrontation between Charles and Whig opposition in 79/81 was about popery and arbitrary government?

A

Scott and Knights

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64
Q

what undermined the trust on which the Restoration settlement had rested o?

A

Charles’ forgoing his subjects trust and conversion of York

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65
Q

What differences has de Krey identified between the 40/2 crisis and 79/81?

A

Opinion not initially almost universally hostile to court as under Charles - more of an even division

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66
Q

What did parties still lack in this period?

A

Organisation and direction

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67
Q

In what way did parties begin to resemble their modern selves?

A

More organised, represented a stronger integration of parliamentary and local affairs and more ideologically hostile to each other than former rival factions/interests

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68
Q

What dramatic change had occurred in parliamentary politics by 1681?

A

By 1681, some electors saw their MPs as accountable to them for their parliamentary behaviour.

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69
Q

How did debates take place in a broadening public context?

A

Print used to direct debate and cultivate support

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70
Q

Who has argued that the threat was in the presence and a religious threat?

A

Scott

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71
Q

What was the key issue in Scotland and Ireland in 79/81?

A

Political choice between persecution and accommodation

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72
Q

Who was assassinated in Scotland in 1679?

A

Scotland’s Episcopal Primate

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73
Q

What was put down by Monmouth?

A

Covenanter insurrection occupying Glasgow

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74
Q

What did James do in a 1681 session of the Scottish estates?

A

New obligatory oath of uncompromising fealty to the crown and current governance of the Scottish church

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75
Q

Why did resistance fall apart?

A

Charles regained control over timing of sessions and never lost control over the Lords

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76
Q

What highlighted the complications inherent in Stuart rule over multiple kingdoms?

A

That the commons and Scottish estates moved in opposite directions over succession and church settlement

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77
Q

What fraction of the peerage by 1640 were Catholics?

A

1/10

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78
Q

How has Lake seen the protestant view of popery?

A

as based on a series of polar opposites, through which the evils of popery highlighted the virtues of Protestantism.

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79
Q

What was Protestantism identified with in the English mind? What was the implication of this?

A

ancient constitution - thus perceived threat of absolute monarchy linked to popery

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80
Q

What were structural similarities between Catholicism and absolutism?

A

reliance on force, repression and on keeping the people ignorant.

81
Q

Who has shown how pervasive the belief in the popish plot was and how strongly it was based in fact?

A

Hibberd

82
Q

Why did Court become identified with catholicism?

A

Charles’ mother and queen Catholic, and his two leading mistresses; several active Catholics at court; king allowed frequent and informal access to successive French ambassadors who were mostly Catholics.

83
Q

What was one reason why anti-popery in 79/81 focussed on York?

A

Easier to attack the heir presumptive than the King - also undoubtedly a Catholic

84
Q

What did Shaftesbury say to the Lords in 79?

A

“Popery and slavery, like two sisters, go hand in hand”

85
Q

Who argues that the threat of popery and arbitrary government was somewhere in the future and only a possible threat?

A

Miller - popery mainly feared in the abstract

86
Q

Who was responsible for organising the famous pope burning processions of the Exclusion Crisis?

A

Whig Green Ribbon Club

87
Q

Who argues that Puritanism had not been of major significance in the lead up to the Civil War?

A

Finlayson

88
Q

How many Catholics were executed between 1678-81?

A

24

89
Q

What reflected teh importance of religion to the crisis?

A

Mass hysteria

90
Q

What was the impact of Ireland’s presence?

A

Meant that England did not feel peripheral to the European situation but surrounded by it

91
Q

What must be remembered about Charles II?

A

Spent half his adult life on the continent - he was not English or British religiously speaking but European

92
Q

What did anti-Catholic propaganda aim to show?

A

Not only the ridiculousness/impiety/superstition of popery but its dreadfulness as a political phenomenon

93
Q

What did Locke argue about catholics?

A

That Catholics should not be allowed toleration as they were primarily subjects of the pope rather than the civic state.

94
Q

What did the 1672 Declaration of INdulgence coincide with?

A

Louis conquering the Low Countries

95
Q

Who sees James’ conversion as decisive?

A

Miller - “without James’ conversion there would have been little persecution of Catholics in the 1670s, no popish plot and no exclusion crisis”.

96
Q

When was the Triennial Act passed?

A

1664

97
Q

When did Charles II rule without Parliament from?

A

1681

98
Q

How many, at least, were executed in Scotland? What was this period remembered as by Presbyterians?

A

100 - some without legal process. Known as “the killing time”

99
Q

Who argues that Scotland was on the verge of absolute monarchy by 1685?

A

Harris

100
Q

What enabled the crown to overcome its long financial shortfall?

A

Taxes on growing trade

101
Q

How does De Krey describe the late stuart rulers?

A

“State builders rather than absolutists”

102
Q

What had been signed to calm the fears of the army and former presbyterians?

A

Declaration of Breda

103
Q

Who did Charles agree to take on?

A

Men from the New Model Army on the same pay and conditions

104
Q

What did the terms whig and tory originally refer to?

A

Whig originally referred to a radical Scottish Presbyterian and Tory to an Irish cattle thief.

105
Q

How did Sir John Clerk describe Scotland in this period, from an 18th century perspective?

A

Restoration an age in which “religion and politics became totally confused”.

106
Q

To what did some Scottish minsters compare Charles’ return?

A

Moses’ return from his Midian exile.

107
Q

What did the Convenanters’ Declaration condemn?

A

“The formed and universal plot [to establish popery and arbitrary government] with the open introduction of slavery and tyrannical government in Scotland”.

108
Q

On what did arguments relating the restoration of ecclesiastical government focus?

A

That the civil magistrate should adopt whatever form of government was most conducive to preservation of civil order

109
Q

What did a 1661 pamphlet compare the restoration of episcopacy to?

A

“As the opening of that box of Pandora”.

110
Q

What has Simms argued about land claims in Ireland?

A

“The claims of returning Catholics and entrenched Protestants were incompatible”.

111
Q

Who tried to show that lotalty of Catholics in temporal matters was in no way qualified by spiritual allegiance to Rome?

A

Ormond

112
Q

What was held in Ireland in 1670?

A

General Synod of Irish bishops

113
Q

What did the 1662 Act of Uniformity dictate?

A

o Act of Uniformity of 1662 re-imposed the prayer book, slightly modified, and required the clergy to declare their approval of everything it contained – church puritans given choice of compromising their principles or leaving the church. Retained the rites, gestures, ceremonies and vestments that had annoyed puritans since 1560s, e.g. kneeing to receive communion, signing the cross in baptism.

114
Q

What measures were passed against non-conformists in 1661-2?

A

Corporation Act and Quakers Act

115
Q

What did the Quakers bill allow in contrast to legislation against Catholics?

A

family worship

116
Q

What act was passed in 1665?

A

Five Mile Act - forbade the clergy ejected in 1663 to come to any corporate town or any parish which they had once held, unless they would swear not to attempt to change the government of church or state.

117
Q

What did Robert Southwell say in 1679?

A

“There is now spread a universal demand of Reformation”.

118
Q

How can the 1673 Test Act be seen?

A

As an anchor of Anglican privilege

119
Q

What can be seen as an attack on Danby’s high-church policies?

A

Marvell’s “Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government” of 1677

120
Q

What fraction of the population were dissenters? What is this based on?

A

Dissenters as little as 4%, as most as 4-10%

Based on 1676 religious census

121
Q

Who was a keen supporter of religious toleration throughout Chares’ reign?

A

Buckingham

122
Q

Name a non-conformist MP

A

Henry Booth

123
Q

What link does Spurr see between religion and loyalty?

A

Idea of a “close relationship/dependence”

124
Q

What happened in 1665 which was compared to a biblical event?

A

Plague - God sent plague among Israelites for rebellion against Moses and Aaron

125
Q

When did the issue of supremacy dominate parliament / destabilise?

A

63/73/85.

126
Q

Who has shown that dissent was a major cause of tension throughout the period?

A

Barry

127
Q

What does Barry argue sustained London radicals from crisis to crisis?

A

Conscience, not republicanism

128
Q

Who observed in the 67-73 crisis that anti-episcopal rhetoric was “as bad as ever in the year 1640”?

A

Samuel Pepys

129
Q

How did London dissenters help Charles in 1670?

A

Provided them with money when city magistrates only provided him with £20 000 out of £60 000

130
Q

Who is an example of a moderate bishop who tried to get his clergy to conform and make compliance easy?

A

Reynolds

131
Q

How many who refused in 1662 later prescribed?

A

171 at least

132
Q

What does Duffy argue the church opted for in 1662?

A

Parish anglicanism

133
Q

Who ascribes the survival of Laudians to their finding positions as chaplains?

A

Fincham

134
Q

Where did Arminianism become dominant?

A

Cambridge

135
Q

Why did people not like Quakers?

A

Refusal to submit to lawful authority was evidence of spiritual pride and probably seditious intent. Claim to be guided by conscience (Quakers and ‘inner light’) could be used to justify everything, including popery and the most abhorrent heresies.

136
Q

Who argues that the 1665-7 Dutch War was prompted primarily by anxious Anglican loyalists?

A

Pincus

137
Q

How important does De Krey see religious coercion in the political disagreements of the Restoration?

A

“At the heart of”

138
Q

How has Goldie described England?

A

“As a persecuting society”

139
Q

Who argues that many of the early Enlightenment’s compelling arguments for toleration were first advanced in England?

A

Marshall

140
Q

What religious act was introduced in Scotland in 1670?

A

Clanking Act

141
Q

Who argues that James did try to make royal authority in England absolute?

A

Speck

142
Q

Who argues that James’ assertions of the prerogative were merely a means to the end of securing toleration?

A

Miller

143
Q

What does Harris think James wanted to do?

A

Establish Catholicism absolutism

144
Q

Who did James work with in Ireland?

A

Tyroncell

145
Q

What kind of conception of kingship did Hobbs have?

A

Christian kings as having pastoral function (Uzziah esque)

146
Q

How has Rose interpreted James’ policies?

A

As Tudor means of promoting political ends

147
Q

What did Charles II ask in 1672?

A

“Have I any power to alter?”

148
Q

Who had argued that coercion was a justifiable and effective instrument of education and persuasion?

A

Education

149
Q

What three strains of thought regarding intolerance were there in the Restoration, according to de Krey?

A

Political, ecclesiological and theological

150
Q

What term refers to the tolerance of things not directly banned in scripture?

A

Adiaphora

151
Q

What do Erasistians believe?

A

That punishments should be referred to civil powers

152
Q

What event in Ireland was crucial in bringing about the Restoration?

A

Seizure of Dublin Castle

153
Q

What was passed in 1662?

A

Irish Settlement Act

154
Q

What was passed in 1665?

A

Act of Explanation

155
Q

What had been issued by Charles in November 1660?

A

‘Gracious Declaration’

156
Q

Who argued that there was a profound difference between the Restoration settlement in England and Ireland?

A

Perceval Marxwell

157
Q

Who has argued there was a “Land Revolution”?

A

Bottigheimer

158
Q

What poet’s work shows a sense of shock and betrayal at the land settlement?

A

Gaellic Poet O’Bruadair

159
Q

What did the Bishop of Ferns publish in 1668?

A

“A narrative of the settlement and sale of Ireland”

160
Q

What did the Gracious Declaration confirm?

A

Gave precedence of ownership and possession to those who had retained or acquired possession under Cromwell

161
Q

How many Catholic landowners were dispossessed without a hearing?

A

7000

162
Q

Who argued that Ormond, Clarendon and Charles wanted a Catholic settlement?

A

Bottigheimer

163
Q

Who argues that Protestants also deplored the settlement?

A

Connolly

164
Q

Who has stressed continuation of peerage?

A

James

165
Q

What did Arnold argue?

A

That Clarendon wanted nothing to do with the settlement but was forced to by circumstances

166
Q

What fraction of land was recovered by Catholics?

A

1/3

167
Q

What was issued in Ireland in January 61?

A

A proclamation declaring all meetings by papists, Presbyterians, Independents and separatists illegal

168
Q

What was passed in Ireland in 66?

A

Act of Uniformity

169
Q

What was there no equivalent to in Ireland?

A

Conventicle Act of 64

170
Q

What were Catholics and Dissenters allowed to do in 66?

A

Take up their seats in the Irish parliament

171
Q

What happened in response to the 79/81 conflict?

A

Three parliamentary elections in quick succession

172
Q

What was the impact of royalist propaganda and royal building projects?

A

More baroque, more august conception of monarchy emanting from France

173
Q

Who was eliminated through manipulation of the courts?

A

Lord Russell

174
Q

From who did impetus for borough remodelling come from?

A

Boroughs themselves

175
Q

What did Charles want to reduce his reliance on?

A

County militias, hence standing army

176
Q

What had Presbyterians hoped to impose on Charles?

A

Restrictions similar to those proposed in 1648 (control over choice of ministers, control of armed forces and Charles having to accept some sort of Presbyterianism)

177
Q

What was the consequence of the relatively even balance of Parliamentarians and royalists in parliament?

A

Meant royalists could thwart attempts to lay down preconditions for king’s returnq

178
Q

What was especially spiteful about religious restoration legislation?

A

Extended to schoolmasters - designed to prevent ejected ministers earning their livings by taking pupils

179
Q

When were the two conventicle acts?

A

64 and 70

180
Q

What was repealed in 80-1?

A

Act vs seditious sectaries

181
Q

Who was critical of ecclesiastical authority and clerical pretensions?

A

Shaftesbury

182
Q

Who supported religious toleration throughout Charles’ reign?

A

Buckingham

183
Q

How had Whigs and non-Conformists become powerful?

A

By violating law and managing to escape its provisions

184
Q

What did Parliament reject proposals for?

A

To reform the prayer book in a Laudian direction

185
Q

What did some bishops support in Lords?

A

Proviso to allow the king to dispense individuals from the requirements of the uniformity bill

186
Q

What were restored but less effective?

A

Church Courts - 1661. lacked backing of Star Chamber

187
Q

What qualification re. dissent was included in the Declaration of Breda?

A

That liberty of conscience should only be given to those who “do not disturb the peace of the kingdom”

188
Q

What has de Krey argued was at the heart of political disagreements in the Restoration stuart kingdoms?

A

Religious coercion

189
Q

What did the willingness of expelled/deprived Presbyterian clergy to return to public ministry through partial or full conformity reflect?

A

Reformed commitment to a national, Protestant order

190
Q

Where did Presbyterianism retain strong popular roots in Scotland?

A

Lowland shires - sustained by Presbyterian lairds

191
Q

What was the impact of religious persecution becoming a regular source of conspiracy and rebellion? Who argues this?

A

Marshall - turned secretaries of state into pioneers of modern domestic surveillance and espionage

192
Q

What did the Clanking Act suppress (1670)?

A

“Seditious Conventicles”

193
Q

How did Charles try to pacify Presbyterian clergy in Ireland?

A

Annual subsidy for their dissenting ministry

194
Q

What had James tried to secure in 1687-8? What did this involve?
What did this represent?

A

A parliament of tolerationists
Remodelling government in favour of dissenters and Catholics and vetting candidates
Effort to shift toleration to a statutory foundation

195
Q

Who argues that James did try to make royal authority absolute?

A

Speck

196
Q

Who has regarded to James’ “abuses of power” as an incidental feature of his rule?

A

Miller

197
Q

How did James try to overturn the Protestant ascendancy in Ireland, according to Harris?

A

Dispensed Catholics from all oaths intended to keep them out of offices and re-modelling of Irish boroughs

198
Q

How does Pincus see James’ manner of government, as well as absolutist?

A

Intrusive

British History (5 decks)

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