Reformation Flashcards
How does Haigh describe the changes to religion in this period?
“Blundering reformations which most did not understand, few wanted, and no one knew was there to stay”
What would most historians agree on?
That late-medieval religion was lively, exuberant and flexible
What were the three core ideas of pre-Reformation catholicism?
Salvation through faith and works, transubstantiation, efficacy of grace transmitted through 7 sacraments
What bound the ‘one Christian community’ together? What did mass aim to do?
Mass
Reinforce the sense of unity and mutual dependency within the English community
How many holy days were there?
70
Who rejects the concept of a ‘popular religion’?
Duffy
Why does Marsh challenge the notion of ‘traditional religion’?
Argues that for religion to have developed as it did, there must have been a narrow but powerful current on non-traditional piety flowing through the system
How can purgatory be described?
As an “ante-chamber to heaven”
What was taught about Mass?
That it was the most powerful form of intercession that culd be offered to God
When was transubstantiation created?
1215
Why was the Sacrament of the Lord’s supper the cornerstone of sacerdotal power?
Only through priest’s agency that the miracle of transubstantiation take place
When was the last English saint created?
1486 - Bishop of Salisbury St Osmund
After when were no perpetual chantries endowed?
1480
Who has argued that many parishes were often dissolving their religious guilds in the last years of Henry’s reign?
Whiting
What act and when curtailed the pope’s rights over the English people?
1534 Act of Dispensations
When did royal injunctions order the destruction of images that attracted offerings or pilgrimages?
1538
What was the contradictory relationship with the past in Tudor England?
Moving forwards by imitating a remote and idealised past
Who are examples of Protestants trying to prove that their church had deep historic roots?
John Foxe and John Bale
What replaced Providentialism?
Greater emphasis on human motivation and agency
What was the impact of traditional Catholicism incorporating elements of paganism?
Rendered it little more than magic or sorcery
How did they view the central doctrinal tenets of Catholicism?
As blasphemous, superstitious, anti-scriptural
What was the first set of attacks on devotional and traditional practices?
1536 - abolition of religious festivals, reduction of holy days
On what did the first changes have an immediate impact on?
Expressions of personal piety
Who attributes the success of changes to fear and respect for authority?
Whiting
To whom did new teachings and culture tend to appeal to?
Those already serious about religion
How does Bridgen describe many Protestant enthusiasts?
Young, anti-authoritarian and idealistic
What was there not a demand for under Mary?
Publication of any new editions of the Lives of the Saints
What is a quote from the Admonitions to Parliament?
“We in England are so far from having a church rightly reformed”
What does the gradualist theory advocate?
Political expediency, royal ambivalence, dynastic turnover: made the Reformation a piecemeal affair
What was the main problem with the gradualist approach?
Led to the creation of church papists
What regarding popular instinct did one Elizabethan writer condemn?
Instinct to “conceive a mixt religion, compounded by that which is best in both”
Who stresses that Elizabethan religion was full of continuities with and developments of what had gone before? What does he argue was a consequence of this?
Duffy - old imagery and old resonances
Made it impossible to have a totally fresh beginning
What does Haigh argue people were forced to make?
“Lesser choices” in particular contexts, not knowing/caring that they were part of a final Reformation that was here to stay
What does Haigh concede?
That it was “slightly surprising” that there was not more grassroots resistance to Protestantism
What is the good quote from Marsh about what people did in this period?
“Ordinary people fashioned for themselves spiritual coats… from the cloth of popular religion”
Who argues that in the mid sixteenth century, people moved from religious enthusiasm to conformism, passivity and indifference?
Whiting
What does Watt see there was the possibility for?
Religious change as a gradual, flexible and negotiated process
How does Shagan interpret religious change in this period?
Argues that we should see a process of cultural accommodation, rather than success or failure
What does Shagan stress about collaboration?
It does not have to be based on ideological or theological unity
How does Shagan see the Reformation as entering English culture?
“Through the backdoor, exploiting the mundane realities of political allegiance, financial investment and local conflict”
What was the appeal of Protestantism?
Vernacular services, congregational singing, fuller participation in communion, a road to salvation without purgatory
What is the name of the man who died aged 152?
Thomas Paser
Who were two genevan inspired clerical activists?
Cartwright and Field
What does Collinson concede?
That Protestantism in its more intense and fully internalised form was never popular in the plain and ordinary sense
What did puritans complain about the continued inclusion of in 1572?
Wafer cakes, special holy day services
Who did Puritans think were “depressingly numerous”?
Those “either indifferent or plain neuter”
What was so important about removing physical reminders of popish error?
Key to transforming mentalities, as it was a world in which the art of remembering was primarily an art of mental visualisation
Who called for the wholesale destruction of all ecclesiastical buildings?
Henry Barrow, radical separatist under Liz
Who has argued there was a “revolution in ritual theory”? What did it consist of?
Eire. Reinterpretation of liturgical rites as seals and badges of the faith of true believers, rather than bearers and agents of charismatic grace
What was the impact of the abolition of purgatory?
Radical disjuncture between living and dead
Who has argued that the term “Protestant” and “Reformation” were mostly used by enemies first, with a derogatory edge?
Walsham
How can Knox’s account of the Reformation in Scotland be seen?
As a revolutionary blueprint
Who saw troubles under Elizabeth as punishment for sin and a warning to repent under Elizabeth?
Edward Topsell
