Reformation Flashcards
1
Q
How does Haigh describe the changes to religion in this period?
A
“Blundering reformations which most did not understand, few wanted, and no one knew was there to stay”
2
Q
What would most historians agree on?
A
That late-medieval religion was lively, exuberant and flexible
3
Q
What were the three core ideas of pre-Reformation catholicism?
A
Salvation through faith and works, transubstantiation, efficacy of grace transmitted through 7 sacraments
4
Q
What bound the ‘one Christian community’ together? What did mass aim to do?
A
Mass
Reinforce the sense of unity and mutual dependency within the English community
5
Q
How many holy days were there?
A
70
6
Q
Who rejects the concept of a ‘popular religion’?
A
Duffy
7
Q
Why does Marsh challenge the notion of ‘traditional religion’?
A
Argues that for religion to have developed as it did, there must have been a narrow but powerful current on non-traditional piety flowing through the system
8
Q
How can purgatory be described?
A
As an “ante-chamber to heaven”
9
Q
What was taught about Mass?
A
That it was the most powerful form of intercession that culd be offered to God
10
Q
When was transubstantiation created?
A
1215
11
Q
Why was the Sacrament of the Lord’s supper the cornerstone of sacerdotal power?
A
Only through priest’s agency that the miracle of transubstantiation take place
12
Q
When was the last English saint created?
A
1486 - Bishop of Salisbury St Osmund
13
Q
After when were no perpetual chantries endowed?
A
1480
14
Q
Who has argued that many parishes were often dissolving their religious guilds in the last years of Henry’s reign?
A
Whiting
15
Q
What act and when curtailed the pope’s rights over the English people?
A
1534 Act of Dispensations
16
Q
When did royal injunctions order the destruction of images that attracted offerings or pilgrimages?
A
1538
17
Q
What was the contradictory relationship with the past in Tudor England?
A
Moving forwards by imitating a remote and idealised past
18
Q
Who are examples of Protestants trying to prove that their church had deep historic roots?
A
John Foxe and John Bale
19
Q
What replaced Providentialism?
A
Greater emphasis on human motivation and agency
20
Q
What was the impact of traditional Catholicism incorporating elements of paganism?
A
Rendered it little more than magic or sorcery
21
Q
How did they view the central doctrinal tenets of Catholicism?
A
As blasphemous, superstitious, anti-scriptural
22
Q
What was the first set of attacks on devotional and traditional practices?
A
1536 - abolition of religious festivals, reduction of holy days
23
Q
On what did the first changes have an immediate impact on?
A
Expressions of personal piety
24
Q
Who attributes the success of changes to fear and respect for authority?
A
Whiting
25
To whom did new teachings and culture tend to appeal to?
Those already serious about religion
26
How does Bridgen describe many Protestant enthusiasts?
Young, anti-authoritarian and idealistic
27
What was there not a demand for under Mary?
Publication of any new editions of the Lives of the Saints
28
What is a quote from the Admonitions to Parliament?
"We in England are so far from having a church rightly reformed"
29
What does the gradualist theory advocate?
Political expediency, royal ambivalence, dynastic turnover: made the Reformation a piecemeal affair
30
What was the main problem with the gradualist approach?
Led to the creation of church papists
31
What regarding popular instinct did one Elizabethan writer condemn?
Instinct to "conceive a mixt religion, compounded by that which is best in both"
32
Who stresses that Elizabethan religion was full of continuities with and developments of what had gone before? What does he argue was a consequence of this?
Duffy - old imagery and old resonances
| Made it impossible to have a totally fresh beginning
33
What does Haigh argue people were forced to make?
"Lesser choices" in particular contexts, not knowing/caring that they were part of a final Reformation that was here to stay
34
What does Haigh concede?
That it was "slightly surprising" that there was not more grassroots resistance to Protestantism
35
What is the good quote from Marsh about what people did in this period?
"Ordinary people fashioned for themselves spiritual coats... from the cloth of popular religion"
36
Who argues that in the mid sixteenth century, people moved from religious enthusiasm to conformism, passivity and indifference?
Whiting
37
What does Watt see there was the possibility for?
Religious change as a gradual, flexible and negotiated process
38
How does Shagan interpret religious change in this period?
Argues that we should see a process of cultural accommodation, rather than success or failure
39
What does Shagan stress about collaboration?
It does not have to be based on ideological or theological unity
40
How does Shagan see the Reformation as entering English culture?
"Through the backdoor, exploiting the mundane realities of political allegiance, financial investment and local conflict"
41
What was the appeal of Protestantism?
Vernacular services, congregational singing, fuller participation in communion, a road to salvation without purgatory
42
What is the name of the man who died aged 152?
Thomas Paser
43
Who were two genevan inspired clerical activists?
Cartwright and Field
44
What does Collinson concede?
That Protestantism in its more intense and fully internalised form was never popular in the plain and ordinary sense
45
What did puritans complain about the continued inclusion of in 1572?
Wafer cakes, special holy day services
46
Who did Puritans think were "depressingly numerous"?
Those "either indifferent or plain neuter"
47
What was so important about removing physical reminders of popish error?
Key to transforming mentalities, as it was a world in which the art of remembering was primarily an art of mental visualisation
48
Who called for the wholesale destruction of all ecclesiastical buildings?
Henry Barrow, radical separatist under Liz
49
Who has argued there was a "revolution in ritual theory"? What did it consist of?
Eire. Reinterpretation of liturgical rites as seals and badges of the faith of true believers, rather than bearers and agents of charismatic grace
50
What was the impact of the abolition of purgatory?
Radical disjuncture between living and dead
51
Who has argued that the term "Protestant" and "Reformation" were mostly used by enemies first, with a derogatory edge?
Walsham
52
How can Knox's account of the Reformation in Scotland be seen?
As a revolutionary blueprint
53
Who saw troubles under Elizabeth as punishment for sin and a warning to repent under Elizabeth?
Edward Topsell
54
Who did Josiah Nichols blame in 1596 for the state of religion?
Parents and schoolmasters for not teaching good Christian morals
55
By whose standards does Haigh see the Reformation as been successful?
Low standards of the crown and enforced by the bishops
56
When does Collinson see a protestant England as having been born, relative to Elizabeth's accession?
"Some considerable time after"
57
Who did poeple fall victim to, according to Scarisbrick?
"Predatory crown on the prowl"
58
Who argues that the Reformation's outcome was by no means a foregone conclusion?
Duffy
59
Who argue for an earlier, wider, and deeper popular dissemination of Protestant ideas?
Pettigree and MacCulloch
60
Who are post-revisionists?
Shagan and Jones
61
What does Jones focus on?
Cultural adaptation
62
What convincing metaphor does Jones use?
"A series of earthquakes"
63
Who says that it is near impossible to see into men's souls?
Bates
64
What old model has now been "exposed as inadequate"?
Top-down versus bottom-up model
65
How long does Jones think the Reformation was?
Short, if taken to mean when the first generation conceived of themselves as living in a Protestant world with little/no knowledge of late medieval church
66
Who stresses that the key purpose of the church (save souls) remained the same?
Thomas
67
How many parishes have remaining records?
(8%)
68
What area is overrepresented in parish records?
South-West (20% from Devon and Cornwall)
69
What two key continuities were there?
Levels of personal piety and individual preoccupation with religion
70
How does Ingram believe we can see popular religion in this period?
"Stolid conformity which stopped well short of enthusiasm"
71
What remained a constant?
Parish church as spiritual and social centre of people's lives
72
What are the benefits of the ambiguous Elizabethan settlement?
Protected England from the ravages of religious warfare
73
On what two issues was the settlement vague?
Predestination and physical presence (omitted black rubric)
74
Why does Haigh think the settlement was ambiguous?
Conservative modifications as concessions to Catholics
75
What was a further pragmatic consideration behind the Settlement?
Feared European isolation if too aligned theologically and liturgically with Swiss Reformed churches
76
How many, of 400 communicants in a Kent parish in 1602, had a basic understanding of Christian belief?
1/10
77
When did Grindal conduct a disappointing visitation?
Gloucester, 1576
78
What suggests that religious knowledge was improving?
Falling age of those deemed "ignorant" i.e. didnt know the catechism
79
What has Haigh identified as the greatest educational success of the Church of England?
Taught people the catechism
80
What has Bates stressed must be taken into account?
"Limits of the possible"
81
What is the main issue with viewing the Reformation from above?
A legally reformed England was not necessarily a nation of Protestants
82
What was the significance of the Elizabeth settlement's minimum requirement being outward conformity? Who argues this resulted in a widely divergent religious culture?
Enabled local communities to devise their own accommodations and set pace of reform
Bates
83
How many local clergymen were there in England?
9000
84
What 4 things has Hindle identified from the Reformation of Manners?
Intensity/range of personal conduct regulated/severity of punishments and focus on physical discomfort and humiliation/statutory backing
85
What does Keith Thomas stress?
The parallel functions of religion and magic - both claimed to help men with daily problems by teaching them how to avoid misfortune
86
What did magic never offer?
A comprehensive view of the world, an explanation of human existence or the promise of future life
87
What was one commonalty between magicians and theologians?
Both ascribed suffering to someone's moral fault - link between misfortune and guilt
88
What was the impact of the Reformation on magic?
Took much of the magic out of religion - astrologers etc. filled gap
89
What underwent a boom after the Reformation?
Astrology
90
What must be remembered re. magic/religion?
The hold of any orthodox religion on the masses was never more than partial
91
What two things have the disappearance of Catholicism been attributed to?
Preached into oblivion
| Persecuted into obscurity
92
What does Bossy see as year Zero in post-Ref Catholicism, as the new creation of The English Catholic Community?
1568 - Founding of the Douai seminary
93
Who does Bossy see a struggle between?
Clergy and gentry over how the community was to be structured and who was to be in charge
94
Why is Haigh critical of the Year 0 argument as a proof of success?
If missioners were starting from nothing, then anything was an improvement and success inevitable
95
What qualification should be used when measuring success of missions?
If they were making a new community, they succeeded. If they were reconstructing an old one, they failed
96
Where did Haigh conduct his recusancy study? When had these people been known for conservatism as far back as?
Essex in 1577
| 1561
97
Where has Haigh found a pattern between areas of marked survivalism and dissent recusancy?
South Hampshire, West Sussex, South Wales
98
Who argues that Marian priests established a heavily persecuted underground church?
McGrath
99
Who has argued that they works of key Catholics in their unanimity, sophistication and balance of their defences show that Catholic theology was not at all chaotic?
Macek
100
Who argues that Catholics did not just adjust and had no intention of remaining a persecuted minority? What example does he use?
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Carrafiello
Robert Parsons (Haigh argues he was an isolated figure)
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101
Who resisted sending Jesuits and why?
Mercurian; thought their entry might be seen as political
102
When was he finally persuaded and why to send Jesuits?
1579; Anjou marriage negotiations thought to lessen risks
103
Who was the first England Jesuit executed for treason?
Edmund Campion
104
What changes has Wooding identified before Henry fell out with the pope?
Erasmian humanism had given English Catholics in some circles an evangelical enthusiasm for scripture and distaste for popular devotions thought to be superstitious
105
What did Catholic writers appeal to under Mary?
Scripture, rather than tradition/papal decrees
106
Who argues that Medieval Catholicism died between 1534-1570?
Aveling
107
Who argues there was "a sort of counter-reformation"?
Parson
108
What had been allowed by the settlement?
A drift into Protestant observance
109
What does McGrath stress?
"Slippage" into Catholic observance
110
Who argues that seculars felt caught between the malice of London and indifference of Rome?
Questier
111
What did a papal degree from 1566 forbid English Catholics from doing? Who does this represent?
Attending Church services demanded by statutory law
| Clash between spiritual and secular jurisdictions
112
How many missionary priests were executed for treason?
133
113
What politicised the seminary priests?
Missions base in or financially supported by Spain/hostile papacy?
114
From when did English Catholic exiles' polemic increase the government's association of Catholicism with continental style militanism?
1584
115
Who did English Catholics take note from?
French Catholic assertions of independence from papal interference (attempt of Holy League to prevent Protestant king coming to throne)
116
Who had argued that the jurisdictions of pope and monarch should be kept separate? (And thus could not order English Catholics to withdraw loyalty; only ruled spiritual realm)
Pope Gelasius I
117
What does Haigh argue was a consequence of the clericalisation of the community in private households?
Dynamic torn between a minority radical tendency and greater shift towards quietism
118
How does Bossy see most Catholic gentry in this period?
Mostly loyal to the Queen, but not particularly politically active
119
What kind of religiosity does Bossy argue gentry Catholics had?
"Complex of social practices rather than a religion of conviction"
120
Why does Bossy think seminary priests were most successful?
Gentry had neither vibrant religious convictions or political objectives to listen to calls to arms
121
What 'myth' does Quester question?
Loyalist inactivity
122
How does Questier see the loyalty of catholics in this period?
"Complex and nuanced... conditional upon being able to express and advance their religious agenda". Political allegiances altered as objectives changed
123
How does Quester see discourses of loyalty?
As rhetoric, not expressing fully authentic emotions
124
Who tried to remove corruptive influences of European militantism, reviving a purer Catholicism that would be acceptable?
Anthony Copley
125
What did Copley ultimately hope for?
More than toleration; victory
126
Who supported the Spanish invasion?
Parsons and Allen
127
On what grounds did Persons and Leaguers argue that allegiance should be removed from Liz?
she was endangering souls of subjects by propagating a false faith
128
Who has argued that secular priests would ultimately always protect England for England's sake?
Bluet
129
How many Catholics went abroad initially from the academic circle?
100
130
In light of foreign aided attempts to overthrow Liz, by how much did recusancy fines increase?
1 shilling to £20 a month
131
What legislation was in place against Catholics by 1593?
Prohibited from travelling +5 miles from their homes without license
132
What relevant proclamation was issued in 1602?
"Banishing all Jesuits and secular priests" who would not submit themselves to the authorities
133
What did one Jesuit (John Gerard) complain about Catholics in Lancashire in the 1590s?
Too "easy going" and would stop if persecuted
