Reformation Flashcards
How does Haigh describe the changes to religion in this period?
“Blundering reformations which most did not understand, few wanted, and no one knew was there to stay”
What would most historians agree on?
That late-medieval religion was lively, exuberant and flexible
What were the three core ideas of pre-Reformation catholicism?
Salvation through faith and works, transubstantiation, efficacy of grace transmitted through 7 sacraments
What bound the ‘one Christian community’ together? What did mass aim to do?
Mass
Reinforce the sense of unity and mutual dependency within the English community
How many holy days were there?
70
Who rejects the concept of a ‘popular religion’?
Duffy
Why does Marsh challenge the notion of ‘traditional religion’?
Argues that for religion to have developed as it did, there must have been a narrow but powerful current on non-traditional piety flowing through the system
How can purgatory be described?
As an “ante-chamber to heaven”
What was taught about Mass?
That it was the most powerful form of intercession that culd be offered to God
When was transubstantiation created?
1215
Why was the Sacrament of the Lord’s supper the cornerstone of sacerdotal power?
Only through priest’s agency that the miracle of transubstantiation take place
When was the last English saint created?
1486 - Bishop of Salisbury St Osmund
After when were no perpetual chantries endowed?
1480
Who has argued that many parishes were often dissolving their religious guilds in the last years of Henry’s reign?
Whiting
What act and when curtailed the pope’s rights over the English people?
1534 Act of Dispensations
When did royal injunctions order the destruction of images that attracted offerings or pilgrimages?
1538
What was the contradictory relationship with the past in Tudor England?
Moving forwards by imitating a remote and idealised past
Who are examples of Protestants trying to prove that their church had deep historic roots?
John Foxe and John Bale
What replaced Providentialism?
Greater emphasis on human motivation and agency
What was the impact of traditional Catholicism incorporating elements of paganism?
Rendered it little more than magic or sorcery
How did they view the central doctrinal tenets of Catholicism?
As blasphemous, superstitious, anti-scriptural
What was the first set of attacks on devotional and traditional practices?
1536 - abolition of religious festivals, reduction of holy days
On what did the first changes have an immediate impact on?
Expressions of personal piety
Who attributes the success of changes to fear and respect for authority?
Whiting
To whom did new teachings and culture tend to appeal to?
Those already serious about religion
How does Bridgen describe many Protestant enthusiasts?
Young, anti-authoritarian and idealistic
What was there not a demand for under Mary?
Publication of any new editions of the Lives of the Saints
What is a quote from the Admonitions to Parliament?
“We in England are so far from having a church rightly reformed”
What does the gradualist theory advocate?
Political expediency, royal ambivalence, dynastic turnover: made the Reformation a piecemeal affair
What was the main problem with the gradualist approach?
Led to the creation of church papists
What regarding popular instinct did one Elizabethan writer condemn?
Instinct to “conceive a mixt religion, compounded by that which is best in both”
Who stresses that Elizabethan religion was full of continuities with and developments of what had gone before? What does he argue was a consequence of this?
Duffy - old imagery and old resonances
Made it impossible to have a totally fresh beginning
What does Haigh argue people were forced to make?
“Lesser choices” in particular contexts, not knowing/caring that they were part of a final Reformation that was here to stay
What does Haigh concede?
That it was “slightly surprising” that there was not more grassroots resistance to Protestantism
What is the good quote from Marsh about what people did in this period?
“Ordinary people fashioned for themselves spiritual coats… from the cloth of popular religion”
Who argues that in the mid sixteenth century, people moved from religious enthusiasm to conformism, passivity and indifference?
Whiting
What does Watt see there was the possibility for?
Religious change as a gradual, flexible and negotiated process
How does Shagan interpret religious change in this period?
Argues that we should see a process of cultural accommodation, rather than success or failure
What does Shagan stress about collaboration?
It does not have to be based on ideological or theological unity
How does Shagan see the Reformation as entering English culture?
“Through the backdoor, exploiting the mundane realities of political allegiance, financial investment and local conflict”
What was the appeal of Protestantism?
Vernacular services, congregational singing, fuller participation in communion, a road to salvation without purgatory
What is the name of the man who died aged 152?
Thomas Paser
Who were two genevan inspired clerical activists?
Cartwright and Field
What does Collinson concede?
That Protestantism in its more intense and fully internalised form was never popular in the plain and ordinary sense
What did puritans complain about the continued inclusion of in 1572?
Wafer cakes, special holy day services
Who did Puritans think were “depressingly numerous”?
Those “either indifferent or plain neuter”
What was so important about removing physical reminders of popish error?
Key to transforming mentalities, as it was a world in which the art of remembering was primarily an art of mental visualisation
Who called for the wholesale destruction of all ecclesiastical buildings?
Henry Barrow, radical separatist under Liz
Who has argued there was a “revolution in ritual theory”? What did it consist of?
Eire. Reinterpretation of liturgical rites as seals and badges of the faith of true believers, rather than bearers and agents of charismatic grace
What was the impact of the abolition of purgatory?
Radical disjuncture between living and dead
Who has argued that the term “Protestant” and “Reformation” were mostly used by enemies first, with a derogatory edge?
Walsham
How can Knox’s account of the Reformation in Scotland be seen?
As a revolutionary blueprint
Who saw troubles under Elizabeth as punishment for sin and a warning to repent under Elizabeth?
Edward Topsell
Who did Josiah Nichols blame in 1596 for the state of religion?
Parents and schoolmasters for not teaching good Christian morals
By whose standards does Haigh see the Reformation as been successful?
Low standards of the crown and enforced by the bishops
When does Collinson see a protestant England as having been born, relative to Elizabeth’s accession?
“Some considerable time after”
Who did poeple fall victim to, according to Scarisbrick?
“Predatory crown on the prowl”
Who argues that the Reformation’s outcome was by no means a foregone conclusion?
Duffy
Who argue for an earlier, wider, and deeper popular dissemination of Protestant ideas?
Pettigree and MacCulloch
Who are post-revisionists?
Shagan and Jones
What does Jones focus on?
Cultural adaptation
What convincing metaphor does Jones use?
“A series of earthquakes”
Who says that it is near impossible to see into men’s souls?
Bates
What old model has now been “exposed as inadequate”?
Top-down versus bottom-up model
How long does Jones think the Reformation was?
Short, if taken to mean when the first generation conceived of themselves as living in a Protestant world with little/no knowledge of late medieval church
Who stresses that the key purpose of the church (save souls) remained the same?
Thomas
How many parishes have remaining records?
(8%)
What area is overrepresented in parish records?
South-West (20% from Devon and Cornwall)
What two key continuities were there?
Levels of personal piety and individual preoccupation with religion
How does Ingram believe we can see popular religion in this period?
“Stolid conformity which stopped well short of enthusiasm”
What remained a constant?
Parish church as spiritual and social centre of people’s lives
What are the benefits of the ambiguous Elizabethan settlement?
Protected England from the ravages of religious warfare
On what two issues was the settlement vague?
Predestination and physical presence (omitted black rubric)
Why does Haigh think the settlement was ambiguous?
Conservative modifications as concessions to Catholics
What was a further pragmatic consideration behind the Settlement?
Feared European isolation if too aligned theologically and liturgically with Swiss Reformed churches
How many, of 400 communicants in a Kent parish in 1602, had a basic understanding of Christian belief?
1/10
When did Grindal conduct a disappointing visitation?
Gloucester, 1576
What suggests that religious knowledge was improving?
Falling age of those deemed “ignorant” i.e. didnt know the catechism
What has Haigh identified as the greatest educational success of the Church of England?
Taught people the catechism
What has Bates stressed must be taken into account?
“Limits of the possible”
What is the main issue with viewing the Reformation from above?
A legally reformed England was not necessarily a nation of Protestants
What was the significance of the Elizabeth settlement’s minimum requirement being outward conformity? Who argues this resulted in a widely divergent religious culture?
Enabled local communities to devise their own accommodations and set pace of reform
Bates
How many local clergymen were there in England?
9000
What 4 things has Hindle identified from the Reformation of Manners?
Intensity/range of personal conduct regulated/severity of punishments and focus on physical discomfort and humiliation/statutory backing
What does Keith Thomas stress?
The parallel functions of religion and magic - both claimed to help men with daily problems by teaching them how to avoid misfortune
What did magic never offer?
A comprehensive view of the world, an explanation of human existence or the promise of future life
What was one commonalty between magicians and theologians?
Both ascribed suffering to someone’s moral fault - link between misfortune and guilt
What was the impact of the Reformation on magic?
Took much of the magic out of religion - astrologers etc. filled gap
What underwent a boom after the Reformation?
Astrology
What must be remembered re. magic/religion?
The hold of any orthodox religion on the masses was never more than partial
What two things have the disappearance of Catholicism been attributed to?
Preached into oblivion
Persecuted into obscurity
What does Bossy see as year Zero in post-Ref Catholicism, as the new creation of The English Catholic Community?
1568 - Founding of the Douai seminary
Who does Bossy see a struggle between?
Clergy and gentry over how the community was to be structured and who was to be in charge
Why is Haigh critical of the Year 0 argument as a proof of success?
If missioners were starting from nothing, then anything was an improvement and success inevitable
What qualification should be used when measuring success of missions?
If they were making a new community, they succeeded. If they were reconstructing an old one, they failed
Where did Haigh conduct his recusancy study? When had these people been known for conservatism as far back as?
Essex in 1577
1561
Where has Haigh found a pattern between areas of marked survivalism and dissent recusancy?
South Hampshire, West Sussex, South Wales
Who argues that Marian priests established a heavily persecuted underground church?
McGrath
Who has argued that they works of key Catholics in their unanimity, sophistication and balance of their defences show that Catholic theology was not at all chaotic?
Macek
Who argues that Catholics did not just adjust and had no intention of remaining a persecuted minority? What example does he use?
Carrafiello Robert Parsons (Haigh argues he was an isolated figure)
Who resisted sending Jesuits and why?
Mercurian; thought their entry might be seen as political
When was he finally persuaded and why to send Jesuits?
1579; Anjou marriage negotiations thought to lessen risks
Who was the first England Jesuit executed for treason?
Edmund Campion
What changes has Wooding identified before Henry fell out with the pope?
Erasmian humanism had given English Catholics in some circles an evangelical enthusiasm for scripture and distaste for popular devotions thought to be superstitious
What did Catholic writers appeal to under Mary?
Scripture, rather than tradition/papal decrees
Who argues that Medieval Catholicism died between 1534-1570?
Aveling
Who argues there was “a sort of counter-reformation”?
Parson
What had been allowed by the settlement?
A drift into Protestant observance
What does McGrath stress?
“Slippage” into Catholic observance
Who argues that seculars felt caught between the malice of London and indifference of Rome?
Questier
What did a papal degree from 1566 forbid English Catholics from doing? Who does this represent?
Attending Church services demanded by statutory law
Clash between spiritual and secular jurisdictions
How many missionary priests were executed for treason?
133
What politicised the seminary priests?
Missions base in or financially supported by Spain/hostile papacy?
From when did English Catholic exiles’ polemic increase the government’s association of Catholicism with continental style militanism?
1584
Who did English Catholics take note from?
French Catholic assertions of independence from papal interference (attempt of Holy League to prevent Protestant king coming to throne)
Who had argued that the jurisdictions of pope and monarch should be kept separate? (And thus could not order English Catholics to withdraw loyalty; only ruled spiritual realm)
Pope Gelasius I
What does Haigh argue was a consequence of the clericalisation of the community in private households?
Dynamic torn between a minority radical tendency and greater shift towards quietism
How does Bossy see most Catholic gentry in this period?
Mostly loyal to the Queen, but not particularly politically active
What kind of religiosity does Bossy argue gentry Catholics had?
“Complex of social practices rather than a religion of conviction”
Why does Bossy think seminary priests were most successful?
Gentry had neither vibrant religious convictions or political objectives to listen to calls to arms
What ‘myth’ does Quester question?
Loyalist inactivity
How does Questier see the loyalty of catholics in this period?
“Complex and nuanced… conditional upon being able to express and advance their religious agenda”. Political allegiances altered as objectives changed
How does Quester see discourses of loyalty?
As rhetoric, not expressing fully authentic emotions
Who tried to remove corruptive influences of European militantism, reviving a purer Catholicism that would be acceptable?
Anthony Copley
What did Copley ultimately hope for?
More than toleration; victory
Who supported the Spanish invasion?
Parsons and Allen
On what grounds did Persons and Leaguers argue that allegiance should be removed from Liz?
she was endangering souls of subjects by propagating a false faith
Who has argued that secular priests would ultimately always protect England for England’s sake?
Bluet
How many Catholics went abroad initially from the academic circle?
100
In light of foreign aided attempts to overthrow Liz, by how much did recusancy fines increase?
1 shilling to £20 a month
What legislation was in place against Catholics by 1593?
Prohibited from travelling +5 miles from their homes without license
What relevant proclamation was issued in 1602?
“Banishing all Jesuits and secular priests” who would not submit themselves to the authorities
What did one Jesuit (John Gerard) complain about Catholics in Lancashire in the 1590s?
Too “easy going” and would stop if persecuted
