1688 and the 1690s Flashcards
What did Macaulay say the spirit of the revolution was?
“The opposite of revolutionary”
Who argued that revolution secured the hegemony of Anglican aristocracy and gentry vs. Catholic monarchical bureaucracy? How did this leave england?
Clark; as an ancien regime well into the 18th century.
Who argues that the revolution was revolutionary from the perspective of conservatives?
Rose: “The world had not been turned upside down, but it was listing dangerously”
Who argued that there were two revolutions? What two?
Goldie. Anglican and Williamite.
What has Holmes stressed?
That it was first and foremost an invasion and only very secondary a rebellion
Give an example of a traditional historian who saw the GR as a “tidying up operation”?
Stone
Why does Harris see the revolution as an internal event?
Regime disintegrating before invasion; fell not because of superior military might of a foreign invading power, but because James II failed to understand the realities of power within the Restoration polity.
What does Jones argue the purpose of 1688-9 revolution was?
Restorative and conservationist
Who has pointed to the debasement of the term ‘revolution’?
Speck
What three parts were there to the invitation to William?
Dynastic, ecclesiastical, political
Why did James’ flight convert the conflict from a civil war to a foreign one?
Civil wars are fought among those who know what civil sovereignty is, but are in conflict over where it is located and how it is to be exercised; James abandoned/never exercised the weapon of civil war, since by not waging war within the kingdom he lost the power to oblige his subjects to choose between two claimants to sovereignty, each with his own definition of what it was.
How many men were in the invading army?
48 000
What banners were carried by the invading armies?
‘For the defence of the Protestant Religion and the Liberty and Property of the subjects of England’.
Who argued that there were twice as many catholics in William’s army as James?
Robert Ferguson
When had William launched his propaganda campaign?
January 88
Why did some fear that England could not have a Dutch king?
“They follow the same mistress, trade”
Who was one of the first figures to join William?
Sir Edward Seymour, Tory and greatest elector magnate in West
Where were there bloody skirmishes?
Wincanton and Reading
What prompted the 1689 first Mutiny Act?
Mutiny of the army at Ipswich
Who condemned the rebellion as “vile” and “hatched in Hell”?
Dean of Durham, Granville
Where were there risings in unison with William’s arrival?
York, Nottingham, Cheshire
What two dominant objectives did the Revolution settlement have? Who argues this?
To restore Anglican hegemony and the dominance of the landed class’ monopoly of office through the Test Acts (as vital to Tories as Whigs). Childs
What political ideas does Clark stress the continuity of?
Patriarchalism, deference, divine right ideology
Who has seen the revolution as one of compromise and collusion, rather than a trumpeting of high ideals?
Zwicker
Why did Locke argue there had been no dissolution of government?
Constitution retained its ancient form and force, so that all which had been done was authorised by the necessity of preserving it.
Who argues that revolution became a spectator sport for middle class intellectuals?
Burke
Did Burke agree with the idea of cashiering/dethroning a king?
No - ‘Cashiering’/dethroning of a king is not a legal or constitutional process – it is invariably and necessarily an act of war, of armed rebellion and civil war.
What two revolutions has Pocock identified?
One a violent peripeteia or reversal of worldly fortunes, occurring in November and December 1688, and culminated in the second flight of James and his refuge in France. Second was the attempt to discover and establish the principles on which James had ceased to be king and might be replaced as sovereign.
How has Pocock labelled the campaign of 1688?
“War of the English Succession”
Who has seen 1688 as a war of religion?
Baxter
What did Scott stress was the purpose of Dutch military intervention?
To bring Stuart kingdoms into European alliance against France
What did England become, according to Israel?
A crowned republic
Who has stressed William’s conservative motives and fear that England may become a republic?
Baxter
Who has challenged the legality of William selling £4400 of excise money?
Cruickshanks
Who did riots in late 88 target?
Mass houses, local Catholics and men associated with implementation of James’ unpopular policies.
According to Kenyon, what fraction of aristocrats did not stir to join either W or J?
9/10
What did Mary think about female involvement in government?
‘My opinion has ever been that women should not meddle in government’.
What became a problem related to the joint monarchy (as phrased by Sir Thomas Lee)?
Problem of how to ‘find out a way to invest the queen with the Regency as not to dispossess the king’.
How many were in the regency council and what fraction were T/W?
5 Tories, 4 Whigs
What was passed in 1694?
Regulation by statute of the succession and surrender (1694) of the Crown’s sole prerogative to summon, prorogue and dissolve parliaments.
When had the last new coronation oath been?
1308
What was whittled down to the Declaration?
28 ‘heads of grievances’
Who has argued that he settlement was conservative enough to allow for ideological manoeuvre?
Goldie and Harris
Who argues that the real changes occurred as a result of the 9 Years War?
McInnes
When was the national debt created?
1692/3
When was the Bank of England created?
1694
When was the first high yield direct tax created?
1693
When had someone tried to create a bank, for it to be criticised as a republican enterprise?
1665
What does Webb argue England feared especially?
Paramilitary politics
What poem reflects the sense of danger and instability that marked James’ last year?
Dryden’s Hind and the Panther of 1687
Who argues that the achievements of the Revolution found no clear expression or exaltation in culture? “Literary silence surrounded the revolution”
Zwicker
What was the one great literary text from the revolutionary period?
Don Sebastian
How was William often portrayed, according to Baxter?
As Hercules (Henry IV France)
What gave greater guarantees of a fair judicial process?
English Treason Trials Act of 1696
Who has shown that many Scots were happy to share the Whig view of 1707? Who is an example of an Irish whig?
Kidd
Lecky
Who argues that all 3 parliaments experienced a renaissance in 89?
Claydon
For how many sessions was the Scottish convention parliament kept?
9
What determined that the scots had the right to choose a different ruler from that of the English?
Act of Security 1703
Since when had there been no Irish parliament?
1666
From when would the Irish parliament sit regularly?
1692
Who argues that Scottish and English political cultures were probably diverging rather than coming together in the late stuart period?
Goldie
What did the Dublin parliament often request?
Union with the English parliament
Until when was there a bloody war in Ireland?
1691
What percentage of land was held by Catholics in 88 and 1703?
22
14
How many outlawry’s were there in Ireland?
4000
How many acres of land were confiscated in Ireland?
1 million
When was there a massacre in Scotland and where?
Glencoe 1692
Who argues that what was left behind in government was ‘legal, not arbitrary, and political, not absolute’?
John Somers
By when was the question of the existence of a standing army no longer relevant?
1697
Who argues that the revolution inaugurated a new kind of kingship - mixed government?
Schwoerer
How many times had parliament met in the first 40 years of the 17th century?
11
When was the triennial act?
1694
When was parliament on the brink of a full scale mutiny against court?
Early 93
When was the first general election under the Triennial Act?
Late 1695
After what did Parliament attack the army?
Treaty of Ryswick
What did William want to keep the army at and to what was it reduced?
35 000, 10 000
What did the 1701 Act of Settlement do?
Removed the power of royal pardon in relation to parliamentary impeachments and subjected aspects of foreign policy, dispensation of patronage, relationship with PC and whereabouts of his person to parliamentary approval.
What forbade the king from leaving the kingdom with parliament’s approval?
Act for the further limitation of the Crown and better securing the Rights and Liberties of the Subject’ in 1701
What did Speck argue Parliament became?
A permanent legislative machine
When does Rose argue modern political parties originate?
Mid-19th century
What was lacking in political parties in this period?
Parties of 1690s had no centralised institutions, no single leader, no electoral organisation at a national level, no mechanism to secure attendance of members at Westminster, or of disciplining unerring MPs.
When was the height of Whiggish dominance?
97
how many Tory placemen were there in the commons in 97?
30
Who was the Tory secretary at war from 1690-1704?
William Blathwait
What does Rose think we should see the ‘Whig/Tory’ labels as?
Something to denote two broad and mutually hostile political traditions.
Who was a remaining regicide Whig?
Ludlow
What did William do which was unpopular in 1690?
Prorogued parliament
In how many constituencies were their contests in the 90’ parliament?
106 - a record
What bill did the Whigs want to pass in 1692?
Treason Trials
Where was William defeated on the battlefield?
Landen in Flanders, ship taken by French on way to Smyrna
how many country benches were victim to some sort of remodelling (to get rid of Tories)?
25
Who resigned after the Treaty of Ryswick?
Trumbell, Junior Sec of State
How many bishops and lower clergy were deprived? How many acquiesced?
400 lower clergy, 5 bishops, archbishop. 10 000 beneficed clerics stayed
What did some extreme clericalists e.g. Dodwell argue?
That only a church council could deprive a bishop of his spiritual authority
Who introduced the comprehension bill?
Tory Nottingham
What did some Whig MPs try to insert into the new coronation oath?
A promise to defend the church “as shall be established by the law” defeated by 188 to 149 votes. Instead was ‘established by law’ i.e. no further reform.
Who has argued that the toleration Act was the product of revolution rather than evolution?
Grell
What did Macaulay say about the Toleration Act?
“…never there be a single law which has so much diminished the sum of human unhappiness, which has done so much to allay bad passions…”
Who benefited from the Toleration Act?
Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists and Quakers.
What was translated in 1689?
Spinoza’s ‘tractatus theologico-politicus’.
Who has shown that the Toleration Act led to the arrival of more Huguenots?
Gwynn
Who argues that catholics were generally unmolested after 1688? Why?
Bossy
Toleration Act abolished offence of recusancy - church attendance unenforceable
What did office holders in ireland and Irish MPs have to take as of 1691?
new oaths of allegiance and supremacy stipulated by English Declaration of Rights and to subscribe a declaration vs. transubstantiation.
Which anti-Catholic figure was appointed in Ireland?
Henry Lord Capel
What legislation was passed against Catholics in Ireland?
£200 fine on anyone sending their children abroad to be educated in a foreign seminary abbey convent or catholic uni or college. Other disarmed papists and forbade them from owning horses worth more than £5. 97 – act banishing all catholic bishops/Jesuits/regular popish clergy from exercising any ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
What was seen as a message from God in 1692?
Earthquakes in Jamaica - reminders of earthquakes before CW
What was introduced in Ireland in 1698?
Irish woollen act; example of English imperialism
What annoyed the Scottish in the early 18th c?
Hanoverian succession decided without their permission
What were leading Irish politicians in the Irish parliament called?
Undertakers
What were the conditions to the 1707 act of union?
Separate law, education and religious establishment
Why was It impossible to rebuild consensus in Scotland?
Loss of episcopalians; driven into Jacobite arms
What increased the independence of the Scottish parliament?
Abolition of the Lords of the Articles
Who was implicated in a Jacobite plot in 1690?
Bishop Turner
Who introduced the comprehension bill?
Tory Nottingham
Who argues that the toleration act was the product of revolution?
Grell (not evolution)
From what were Jews dispensed?
Blasphemy Act
Who were exempted from the Toleration Act?
Roman Catholics and Unitarians
What dashed hopes of reformation of church liturgy and communion?
1689 convocation
What does Claydon argue William and Mary did as a means of ideological legitimation?
Clothes themselves in rhetoric of godly reformation
What was new about the coronation ceremony?
Declaration of Rights ceremony before coronation - not conditional but symbolic
What did the Declaration of Rights become?
The Bill of Rights
What was different about the the coronation oath?
Confirmed laws and customs
What legal restraints were introduced?
Power to suspend laws without parliamentary consent, dispensing power, royal veto
When was the veto last used?
1708 - Anne
What did the oath confirm the abolition of?
Extraordinary money
What was abandoned in 1701?
Notion of hereditary rights (key given European context)
What did the Bill of rights (1689) change about the succession?
Had to be Protestant
Why does Israel argue William invaded?
England’s financial reserves
How many bills did William veto in 1693?
3
What made the Scots more likely to be Jacobites?
Stuarts were a Scottish dynasty
When did Mary die?
December 1694
How large was William’s army?
How much did it cost?
69 000
£2.3 million
What was passed in 1698?
Civil List Act - annually received £700 000 from variety of taxes; parliament financially responsible for army and navy
What bill did William veto in early 1694?
Place Bill
What did one Whig complain about in 1692?
That MPs were corrupted and manipulated by the Crown (Placemen)
Who were pamphlets during the ‘standing army controversy’?
John Somers, Daniel Defoe
Who were ‘Jacobite Whigs’?
E.g. Sir James Montgomery
Name the author of “A serious proposal to the ladies” in 1694?
Mary Astell
