Ireland Flashcards
Who queries whether there even was a ‘Reformation in Ireland’ or an ‘Irish Reformation’?
Bottigheimer
What does ‘Reformation’ denote?
The suppression of Roman authority and the acceptance of Protestant liturgies and theologies
What is Bottigheimer’s overarching argument about the Irish Reformation?
There was an attempt in Ireland, but in the most conventional sense it failed
Who challenges who for suggesting that the Reformation took longer to fail in Ireland than is usually thought?
Bradshaw challenges Canny
What does Bradshaw argue about the Irish Reformation?
That it is wrong to argue that it failed eventually (as opposed to rapidly) or narrowly (as opposed to decisively)
Who compares the Irish Reformation to the Welsh?
Bradshaw
Who thinks that Bradshaw’s challenge of revisionism has gone too far?
Bottigheimer
What does Bottigheimer see as decisive in the Irish Reformation?
The alignment of political forces and the degree to which religious heterodoxy served or hindered the agenda of a local prince/elite
Who sees Protestant printing in Ireland as exhibiting a siege mentality?
Boran
Which two historians have argued that ultimately Irish resistance to the Reformation was not unusual?
Bottigheimer and Lotz-Heumann
Why does Murray think the Englishry of the Pale rejected Protestantism and the Reformation?
Saw reform movement as irreconcilable with Palesman’s traditional english culture and medieval Catholic identity
How does Murray view the actions of English deputies in Ireland?
Interventionist - abandoned a persuasive strategy long before Bradshaw argues
What hinders any study of the Irish reformation?
Dearth of sources - absence of churchwardens’ accounts and lack of visitation records - thus reliance on State papers
What were the most obvious features of pre-Reformation Catholicism in Ireland?
Rural and abject poverty
What was one major problem with the prevailing poverty of churches in Ireland?
Difficult to serve large and sprawling parishes
What was distinctive about the type of clergy in Ireland?
Increasingly common for sons of priests and bishops to follow fathers in profession
Out of what did superstition grow?
Low levels of learning in Gaelic society - not irrational superstition, but accorded with needs of a non-literate and pre-industrial society
What had revived in Ireland before the Reformation?
Mendicant orders e.g. Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians
What shows the strength of the orders in Ireland?
Reportedly feared and even adored by nobles
What were in steep decline by the Reformation?
Monastic orders
How many communities had 6 monks or more?
Six
What had the Gaelic Church been castigated for?
Pervasive secularisation and failure to observe canonical norms esp. regarding marriage and sexuality
What suggests a pre-Reformation religious recovery?
Increased number of lay confraternities and third order groups. Growing number of chantries founded and lay inevstment in church
What else can we read into improvements in church-life before the Reformation?
Increased prosperity and political stability
Who defended and preserved the English ecclesiastical order and canonical rectitude? What was this in line with?
Dean Aleyn, Laudabiliter
What did St Leger try to persuade the senior clergy of?
That the royal supremacy was compatible with the essential elements of their religious and cultural ethos
What about St Leger’s background meant he was willing to be conciliatory and follow modest reofmr?
Erasmian humanist
How does St Leger’s background contrast with later deputies? Who argues this?
Militant Calvinists who foloowed aggressive campaign methods. Murray
What did Protestantism become in Ireland?
“Faith of the Ascendancy”
What fraction were Catholic?
3/4
Where was opposition to Reformation legislation more muted than in England?
Grey’s Parliament
What did the Commons reject a bill for? After what did opposition collapse?
To dissolve 13 monasteries
Concessions from the king
When did the Irish enact ecclesiastical legislation?
September 1537
When did the evangelical phase of the Henrician Reformation end? What did this reinforce?
May 1539 - 6 articles
Transubstantiation, communion under 1 species, private masses clerical celibacy
When was there action against images?
1539
When did the Irish Parliament pass the Act of Uniformity?
1560
What proviso did the Irish Act of Uniformity include?
Church functionaries who did not know English could conduct services in Latin
What did spiritual renewal go hand in hand with?
Anglicization and military conquest
What explains the jurisdictional success of the Henrician Reformation in Ireland?
Continuity and innate loyalty of the colonial community
Who was the authoritarian Bishop of Dublin?
George Browne
Who advocated progress by consent, explanation and education?
Bishop Staples of Meath
In how many dioceses did Henry receive recognition? How?
24/32
From pre-Reformation bishops, by successfully nominating bishops himself, or confirming later papal provisos
Where was the campaign confined to before 1541?
Pale, Wexford, Ormond, royal towns
What did Browne move to try and achieve?
From outward conformity to more positive acceptance of royal supremacy
How many recusants were there in Welsh dioceses by 1603?
803
When did the English parliament authorise a Welsh Bible and when was it completed? When were the scriptures translated into Welsh?
1563
1588
1563
How can the Observant movement be described in Ireland?
Numerous, widely dispersed, pastorally dynamic, respected by the laity of all degrees and well attuned to vernacular as mode of evangelisation
What does Bradshaw argue is the most important reason for the failure of the Reformation?
Success of Observant movement
What about the observants made their policy so successful, according to Bradshaw?
Rooted Tridentine Roman Catholicism in the cultural hertiage
What Observant friars in particular played a prominent role in Ireland?
Franciscans
What is the flaw in Bradshaw’s stress on the impact and role of the Observants?
Observant reforms in other parts of Europe equated with resistance to Catholicism e.g. Luther product of an observant house
What does Bottigheimer argue is central to the survival of the Observant orders? How does he view this?
Lassitude and inefficiency of the dissolution of the religious orders. An effect rather than cause of Reformation’s failure
Whose role does Bradshaw also think was important?
Local elites - esp given lack of a paid bureaucracy
On what grounds does Bradshaw challenge Bottigheimer’s view of the elites?
That they were exclusively concerned with material interests
What made elites vulnerable to a properly coordinated campaign?
Intellectually isolated
What system had enabled colonial lords to recruit and maintain private armies, making them ‘entrenched warlords’?
Coyne and livery
How can Ireland be viewed relative to England?
Ireland as a representation of England i.e. that English representations of Ireland were in fact representations of England also
What does Ellis see as a “terrible mistake and failure inevitable”?
Attempt to apply traditional English strategies of law and government to non-English people
What claimed that the ancient British monarchs would liberate the Welsh?
Barbic prophecy
What ideology took root within the colonial community in the 15th century?
Separatist ideology which asserted the autonomy of the Irish lordship
Who have stressed that unlike in Scotland, the Irish Reformation was a colonial import, rather than an indigenous movement?
Boran and Gribben
Who tried to promote a moderate version of the English Reformation, only to be hindered by vested interests preventing implementation?
Sir Henry Sidney
What determined the government’s ability to enforce ecclesiastical reforms?
Value of benefices and size of parishes
What were far less valuable in Ireland and what was the significance of this?
Benefices; meant that clerical talent was more likely to be thinly spread, since better qualified clergy would gravitate towards wealthier dioceses/leave for England
What were the reasons for the lack of evident anti-clericalism or anti-papalism?
Secularism, ignorance and popular indifference
What made it less likely that a “national opposition” would develop?
Real differences in religious life between the lordship’s more settled parts and Gaelic Ireland?
Where was an irish Franciscan college set up? When was a catechism first published by one of its graduates?
Louvain
1611
What papal bull had given England rule in Ireland, and the duty of enforcing Gregorian reforms?
1155 Laudabiliter
Who has shown that there was a papal bull re. Ireland in 1555, which was the result of “local and clerically based initiative”?
Murray
Who has stressed the divergence of views between London and Dublin between 1603-33?
Ford
When does Barnard see Irish Protestantism as becoming irreparably fragmented?
Mid-17th century wars
Who argues that 1641 was a turning point for sectarian strife?
Gillespie
What form does Bottigheimer see political resistance as taking?
Patriotism and precocious longing for national sovereignty
What does Bottigheimer criticise?
Essentialist agendas which emphasise what is distinctive about the Irish experience and minimises/overlooks what is shared with other parts of Europe
Who have shown that the Old English were neither unanimous nor precipitous about changing national allegiance?
Clark and Ellis
What does Ellis see as happening to the Anglo Irish?
Increasingly gaelicised
Who argues that Gaelic literature shows ethnic rapprochement between old Irish and Anglo Irish under common language and faith?
Caball
When was the first published history of Catholic Ireland?
Lisbon, 1621 - wanted to elicit political and military support of King of Spain
Who compared Irish sufferings with las Casas?
Caroll
Which English noblewoman married the Earl of Kildare and learned Irish?
Elizabeth Zouch
Whose rebellions represent the first stirrings of opposition to Elizabeth’s protestantism?
James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald
When did he issue a latin statement justifying his rebellion against the ‘she-tyrant’?
1579
What was specific about resistance in the mid-Elizabethan period?
Crown not the issue, but heretical status (Knox-esque)
Who roots faith and fatherland patriotism in the commonwealth supporters in the Old English community in the 1550s? How does he view this brand of patriotism?
Morgan
As a love of one’s native land rather than adherence to a racial identity
Who adopted the stance of religious crusaders and when?
O’Neill, early part of 9 Years War
What did O’Neill demand in 1596? What did he demand in 1598? Who was he targeting?
Liberty of Conscience
Made faith and fatherland an essential component of his ideology
Old English - using their own commonwealth rhetoric to emphasise a common land and common religion without reference to race or language
When does the faith and fatherland ideology first manifest itself in Gaelic text?
1616 - O’Neill dies in exile at Rome
In the lament for whose death, does O’Cleirigh describe him as having fought to protect faith and fatherland?
Hugh Maguire
What did the Spaniards say when they refused to surrender at Kinsale?
That they had come to support the nobles defending their faith and fatherland
When was a Gaelic New Testament and Book of Common Prayer made?
1602
1608
Who had been one of O’Neill’s strongest supporters in the 9 Years War?
Archbishop of Armagh
How did the Archbishop of Armagh justify submitting to James? What did he also distinguish between?
Distinction between subjective and objective heresy - James could not be held responsible for how he had been educated
Spiritual and temporal allegiance
What was a corollary impact of the failed Reformation in Ireland?
Strained reformations with Scottish, since they no longer shared a common faith
Who uses ‘dominion’ instead of empire? Why?
Hirst
Early modern meaning of empire inappropriate until late 17th c
What did William Camden say in 1610?
There is not any other viceroy that cometh nearer the majesty of a king
What was distinct about the Dublin government?
Empowered to deal in all aspects of lordship’s administration
What gave the governor immense power?
In the absence of a king, the governor was head of a civil government and instrument of provincial government
Who led the administration for all but 9 years between 1470-1534? With what principle did this accord?
A pale magnate
Self government at the king’s command
How was the governor’s power limited in 1494?
Could not pardon treasons relating to king’s person or alienate crown’s landed rights. Needed licence to hold parliament or introduce bills
How did the background of the governor change after 1534?
English-born
What were earls contracted to do?
Govern in exchange for royal patronage and profits
How did governors come to be seen/treated?
As recognisably salaried officials with more limited sources of patronage
On what did the successful implementation of the post 1534 system depend?
Introduction of a tighter system of control and accounting
What led to a discontinuity of policy under Elizabeth?
Ireland was almost the only regular theatre of warfare in which nobles and gentry could make their reputations
How many ministers were there in the Irish council?
7 chief ministers
When did the Irish Council get executive functions?
1520
What led to the emergence of an omnicompetent Tudor Council in Ireland? What did it do?
English governors and closer control by Cromwell.
Supervised established courts, received and implemented instructions from London, issued orders and proclamations
How many were in the council in total up until 1578?
18-24
Why was there a larger governing council alongside a privy council?
To associate leading magnates and gentry with government while not restricting control of king, governor and council over policy
How does Wallerstein see both Ireland and Wales in this period?
“Ripe for dominance and exploitation by a centre of imperial expansion”
When was a watershed in Wales?
Reign of Henry VII - brought an end to a century of unrest and instability
When did legislation bring England and Wales closer together?
1536-43
What did Henry reorganise near Wales?
Council in the Marches
Who had been ruthless in Wales?
bishop of Exeter - Lee - president of the Council in the Marches
Until when was Ireland semi-detached?
1922
What enhanced the role of the council in the marches and great sessions?
Deprivation of importance of crown and marcher offices
When did Welshmen rally to a call by Henry VIII?
1512-3; to serve in France
Whose death was a turning point, meaning another lucrative and large inheritance fell into Henry’s hands?
Duke of Buckingham 3rd in 1518
Who was the last great Welshman?
Rhys ap Thomas (Father Rhys)
What did Williams describe English kings as?
Incomparably the most powerful landowner in Wales
How much did the English king own in land value in Ireland in the 1530s?
£500 IR
Who did Henry VII claim descent from?
Cadwaladr, through grandfather Owain Tudor
When did William travel to the marches and with what purpose?
1535; “to gain the people”
When did the Welsh contribute a significant amount of troops to the Crown?
King’s Army in the 1640s
What shows that the English treated Wales as part of England?
Readiness to appoint bilingual welshmen to high office in church and state
Who described the Irish as “wild men of the woods, savage, rude and uncouth”?
Polydane Vergil
What fraction of British Isles inhabitants spoke variants of English in 1500?
2/3
What percentage still spoke Welsh at the end of the 16th century?
90%
How does Canny think the reality of the Irish situation was disguised by the English?
Rhetoric that endeavours were on the brink of making Ireland a reformed commonwealth where English common law and Protestant religion would suddenly be embraced by the population
Who argues that Elizabeth had good intentions in Ireland, only to be stymied by historical/gender/political/personal issues?
Morgan
How does Elizabeth’s gender link to her government of Ireland and troubles?
Difficulty of subordinating a kingdom through male proxies
Who condemns Elizabeth’s lack of vision?
MacCaffrey (led to pursuit of penny pinching, short-term policies)
What meant that by 1600, the Irish administration was somewhat better adapted to govern the whole of Ireland?
Constitutional changes and administrative reforms
What policy did Sussex favour?
Containment; upholding English civility amongst those traditionally loyal and trying to manage and overawe those threatening
When was Sidney deputy?
1565-71, 75-8
What did Sidney think was a necessary precondition for a forceful policy aimed at extending crown authority and English civility?
plantations and military conquest
What did Sidney say about the financing of the irish conquest?
“It was no subject’s enterprise; a prince’s purse and power must do it”
Who wrote a poem about how chivalric virtue in the shape of Elizabethan, English Protestantism would defeat the forces of darkness in ireland?
Spenser’s ‘The Faerie Queen’
How did Spenser try and bolster his cultural authority?
As a Celtic bard
What did Spenser’s prose tract advocate (A view of the present state of Ireland)?
Invasion, conquest, colonisation, English settlement, genocide, resettlement
Who critiqued government corruption and advocated good government that would protect the people?
Richard Beacon (shown by Carey)
Who have identified two simultaneous perceptions of ireland amongst settlers and officials? What were they?
Brady and Gillespie
1) Ireland as a culturally undifferentiated society with a similar constitution to England’s
2) Ireland as a colony with opportunities for gain and advancement
How was Ireland often represented in English texts?
Proposopoeia - representation of an abstract thing
Why did the English often represent Ireland as a woman? What is an example of this?
As a woman she could be courted, as a virgin she needed husbandry - Spenser’s Irena - humanising the land while dehumanising its inhabitants
Who was the architect of the Munster plantation?
Cecil
What increased tudor difficulties in Ulster?
Presence of Scottish mercenaries and power of MacDonalds
Whose help had Elizabeth hoped to secure? What did she use him for?
Argyll, one of the main members of the Lords of the Congregation
Information
What was the turning point in the relationship between England and Argyll?
Public humiliation of Earl of Moray
What is another term for ‘cheap indirect rule’?
Affinity management (Henry and Wolsey)
What is an example of the crown playing Anglo-Irish lineages against each other?
Advancement of re-emergent Butlers against Fitzgeralds
When did the Kildares rebel?
1534
What had Kildare hoped to capitalise on?
Henry’s growing international isolation following break with Rome
How much did it cost to repress Kildare’s rebellion, and how long?
£40 000, 14 months
How many soldiers were sent under Skeffington?
2300
Who argues that the army’s ruthlessness was necessitated y the ruthlessness of the rebels?
Ellis
What did the Fitzgeralds do in the Pale?
Ethnic cleansed it of anyone English by birth, e.g. Archbishop of Dublin in 1534
Where did the Englishk ill prisoners?
Maynooth
Who argues that massacre is an impressive way to assert authority?
Brady
What did the English do that meant the English became infamous for their deception and false promises?
Death of Kildare
Why has Grey’s reputation been revised?
Won key victories while required to cut costs and reduce army to barely 700; successfully imposed royal authority in large parts of the country.
Who has argued that early modern England was an “age of atrocity”?
Edwards
Who were crown loyalists?
Butlers of Ormond
Why did England turn its attention to Ireland once again in 1540s?
Security implications of fresh conflict with France and Scotland (esp. 1546)
In what period was there almost one military campaign per year?
1546-66
How can army officers be seen?
As little more than armed policemen whose primary role was the extension of English law and order to “uncivil” frontier areas
When were new powers of martial law introduced?
1556 with Sussex’s arrival
Who argues that the Crown’s commitment to military intervention in ireland changed it from a country suffering from an excess of violence to one utterly devoured by it?
Nicholls
After when did the English target non-combatants?
1546
Where did they burn crops?
Midlands, 1547
What did martial law usher in?
Privatisation of state security
Where were presidents and provincial councils established under Elizaeth?
Munster and Connacht
Who argues that the suppressing of overmighty subjects in Ireland made for overmighty lord deputies?
Morgan
What is an example of the English forcing the fulfilment of their own fears?
Pushed O’Neill into allegiance with Mary Queen of Scots
What provoked the first Desmond war and when?
Colonisation schemes in Munster, 1568-72
How did Sidney hope to finance his second round of conquest?
Uniform tax - “a composition” - to replace the Cess
When did a papal mercenary force land, only to be assassinated?
Smerwick - 1580
When was martial law abolished?
1591
How many soldiers and civilians were killed?
50000-100 000
How much did the nine years war cost?
£2 million
By how much was the Irish coinage’s silver content debased?
3/4
Where did Smith undertake his private plantation?
Ulster
What was the title given to partakers in the plantation scheme?
Colonel
What two revolts were triggered by plantations?
Desmond and Baltinglass
Where were there massacres in 1574 and 75?
Belfast and Rathlin Ireland
How many years between 1501-1550 were there no wars?
2
How did Quinn describe the peace?
One of death and exhaustion
What are the three dates for the conquest suggested by Ellis, Canny and Brady?
1579, 1583, 1588/94
Who argue that there were “chronic levels of violence”, for whom the irish were themselves to blame?
Brady and Crawford
Who sees Irish elites as having no alternative but to rebel? What is an example he gives of this?
Canny
Desmond - had asked for recognition that he was a loyal subject. Rebels in 9 Years War did not fight for independence, but redefinition of their relationship with metropolitan centre
