restoration Flashcards

Question

Charles II key facts

Answer 1

oldest son of charles I married Catherine of Braganza in 1662 but they had no children officially Anglican but converted to catholic on his death bed known as merry monarch had many mistresses and illegitimate children

Answer 2

1653- Cromwell made lord protector 1658- Cromwell dies son takes over but is inexperienced and is forced to resign army now holds power 1659- mps who had been forced from parliament in 1648 returned to form the LONG parliament April 1660- signing of declaration of Breda May 1660- Charles II restored to the throne

Answer 3

Charles must: -take parliaments advice -allow peaceful religious beliefs -pay the army their wages -not persecute those who had fought against the king in the civil war

Answer 4

-religious and political divisions -parliament was now more powerful than ever -needed to deal with those who had opposed his father Passed ACT of INDEMNITY which put into law that those who opposed Charles I would not be prosecuted only those who were key in Charles I’s execution were put to death for regicide

Answer 5

Absolutist monarchs can make laws without asking parliament for approvals

Answer 6

Church of England those who wanted a return to an official English church with the king at its head controlled by bishops in each local area and with an official book of prayer to be used at services

Answer 7

An important clergyman in charge of the churches and priests in a region of the country

Answer 8

The Christian religion had dominated Europe until the 1550’s at that time many people rejected catholic beliefs and the pope in Rome as the head of the church

Answer 9

Non-Anglican for example Presbyterian and often radical Protestants such as quakers who did not want to be forced to worship as part of an official Church of England

Answer 10

When a parliament is closed so that new elections cannot be arranged this is called dissolution

Answer 11

A promise that people would not be prosecuted for the actions they took in the civil war

Answer 12

A Latin word which means between kings

Answer 13

Non catholics who protested against the power of the Catholic Church

Answer 14

Protestant Christian’s who believed that there should be no bishops in the Church of England. Instead they thought that priests and church leaders should be advised by presbyters- leaders of the local community

Answer 15

When in 1648 having ordered by Cromwell colonel pride used soldiers to remove from parliament all MP’s who wanted to negotiate with Charles I

Answer 16

Those who wanted to reform the Anglican Church and make it more Protestant

Answer 17

The MP’s who remained in parliament after the purge by colonel pride in 1648. Pride marched into parliament with soldiers and threw out MP’s who wanted to negotiate with Charles I

Answer 18

When a king is given back his throne. 1649 Charles I executed 1660 Charles II became king

Answer 19

The right to worship your religion in peace without being arrested or persecuted

Answer 20

1660-61 split between royalists and parliamentarians agreed to give charles money each year to run governement

Answer 21

1661-67 charles chief minister lord clarendon mps supported king but still conflicts over religion, foreign policy and money

Answer 22

1664 king only had to call governement every 3 years weakening govs power but had to agree to limiting religious toleration

Answer 23

1668-1673 charles chief advisors a powerful group of ministers who controlled gov policy members of house of lords agreed to fund army and grant charles more money but disagreed among themselves on religious toleration and parliaments powers.

Answer 24

1674-1679 led by earl of danby Mps divided into whigs and tories whigs disapproved of kings lavish lifestyle wanted toleration for dissentersbut feared catholics and wanted to stop james duke of york vs tories supported king and anglican church and thought james should succeed

Answer 25

1679-81 many arguements over who should succeed Charles II

Answer 26

tax on how many people were in a household

Answer 27

how many fireplaces were in your home

Answer 28

anglicans/church of england

Answer 29

catholics dissenters or protestant non confirmists such as puritans quakers and presbyterians

Answer 30

1662 king promised toleration for catholics puritans and other dissenters. but forced to change mind when parliament delayed granting him more money beacuse of this

Answer 31

a series of acts making life dificult for catholics and dissenters

Answer 32

advisor to charles during his exile charles II;s chief minister at beginning of his reign exiled in 1667 after the battle of Medway

Answer 33

opponent of clarendon ministry anglican who opposed toleration for catholics and dissenters secretly tried to get money from france to help charles

Answer 34

kings younger brother became a catholic married anne hyde and had two survivng daughters who were raised as protestants later married mary of modena a catholic became catholic 1671 married second wife who was a catholic if she had a son would be catholic and overtake protestants sisters as heir

Answer 35

1661 anyone who held public office must swear an oath supporting the king and church of england

Answer 36

1662 book of common prayer was made compulsory all clergymen who disagreed were ejected and replaced

Answer 37

1665 priests who had been ejected from the church could not preach within 5 miles of old church

Answer 38

1664 groups larger than 5 people could not worship together unless C of E

Answer 39

1673 anyone holding a position of authority had to declare that they were not catholic or resign from their position

Answer 40

1672 forced to withdraw it

Answer 41

1667 a battle against the dutch in which the dutch were victorious clarendon blamed and sacked

Answer 42

1670 public alliance with louis Xiv and catholic france vs protestant dutch charles also signed a seceret treaty of dover promising to become catholic if louis gave him money and agreed to send troops if there were anti-catholic rebellions

Answer 43

august 1678 charles told there was a plot to kill him israel tongue reported that 100 jesuits were going to kill the king titus oates made up evidence about the popish plot and told the privy council sir edward godfey who was questioning oates found dead in london many believed catholics had killed him to stop spreading information oates accused 5 members of house of lords of being a part of the plot and they were arrested 13 people executed for alleged prt in plot james's wife became unpopular plot increased violence against catholics earl of danby forced to resign when it was discovered that he had been negotiating to get money from france

Answer 44

priests who worked to spread Catholicism

Answer 45

someone who actively trying to spread their beliefs (protestant)

Answer 46

1683 conspirators planned to ambush charles II and james and take them to RYE house wanted charles' illegitimate son protestant duke of monmouth on throne many believed that whigs were behind the plot used as an exscuse to arrest and execute whig leaders Algernon sidney lord russell and earl of essex

Answer 47

had been an angelican priest wet to spain to train as jesuit but expelled due to lieng about qualifications gave evidence to privy council about popish plot

Answer 48

second wife of james duke of york a catholic her secretary edward colman was implicated in the popish plot

Answer 49

James duke of york (who charles believed was gods will to succeed) james protestant daughter mary (but was about to get married to william of orange a foreigner so unpopular) charles oldest illigitimate son duke of monmouth divorce his wife and have a new heir

Answer 50

1673 when he left his post as lord high admiral due to the test act.

Answer 51

1679 Lord SHAFTESBURY put forward first exclusion bill (to stop james) exclusion bil supported by house of commons but to prevent it becoming law charles II prorogued parliament and exiled duke of monmouth elections were held and majority of MP's elected were whigs who wanted james excluded. charles refused to call a meeting of parliament so bills could be put forward. after propaganda campaigns by whigs many signed petitions calling for parliament to be allowed to meet. 2nd exclsuion parliament finally met in october 1680 and another exclusion bill was put forward. tories mounted a countercampaign suggesting that the whigs would lead the country into another civil war. bill rejected and charles again disssolved parliament 3rd exclusion parliament known as oxford parliament met in 1681 james offered to limit his powers when he became king but whigs didnt accept this shaftesbury 3rd exclusion bill suggested that duke of monmouth should be heir bill passed by commons but charles again closed parliament MP's did not want another civil war so there was no armed revolt as shaftesbury had hoped shaftesbury arrested for high treason and later left the country

Answer 52

1681-1684 been given money by Louis xiv and trade was good so did not need parliament to raise taxes so did not recall it. prevented another exclusion bill

Answer 53

life during the interregnum was ver dull - puritan laws were strict charles was a colourful character who enjoyed parties and entertaining at court had many mistresses and illigitimate children wanted an extravagant court like louis xiv

Answer 54

court was centre of charles government and his private life - including members of household and courtiers who took part in public ceremonies to show of wealth and power people wanted to gain patronage from the king and tried to gain access to charles at court king's mistresses became very powerful including actress Nell Gwynn the french woman Louise de keroualle and lady castlemaine those seeking patronage would hope for money, land, positions and a monopoly charles sorrounded himself with rakes

Answer 55

kings main home and where he governed country with privy council people wanting to gain influence built elaborate homes near to whitehall and copied the kings style charles used the banquet hall to entertain foreign visitors and important people royal apartements decorated in fashionable flamboyant baroque style with many french furnishings

Answer 56

new styles of dress became popular copying french fashions when charles came to the throne men wore long curled periwigs and clothes decorated with lace ribbons and embroidery. women wore low cut embroidered dresses later men wore plainer 'english style' coats and breeches with hose on the legs

Answer 57

some were not pleased to have a king again so charles needed a popular public image 1662 married Catherine of Braganza - portuguese princess- wedding was an opportunity to show off patron of arts and sciences

Answer 58

bacteria - Yersina pestis most victims infected when bitten by fleas that lived on rats that carried the bacteria.

Answer 59

they listed the causes of death in different parts of london.

Answer 60

-miasma -the alignment of the planets -cats and dogs -it was punishment from god

Answer 61

1) households with plague quarantined for 40 days. red crosses and words lord have mercy on us painted on doors 2)incoming ships quarantined for 40 days 3)anyone wanting to travel had to have a health certificate 4)watchers were appointed to enforce regulations 5)searchers examined bodies to see if they had died from plague 6)victims buried after dark in mass graves or plague pits 7) some pest houses were built for the sick but there were not enough of them 8)public gatherings such as plays and meetings of the royal society were banned 9)dogs and cats were killed 10)people were responsible for sweeping up rubbish from outside their own house 11)advice included putting chicken feathers on buboes, drinking a potion of herbs soaked in urine or smoking a pipe to keep the bad air away. 12) carrying charms or passages from the bible

Answer 62

hundreds of thousand died across the country london lost 100,000 a quarter of the population. no exact figures as records incomplete poor suffered the most as the rich could leave the city

Answer 63

short term impact as trade halted farmers did not want to travel to markets in towns colchesters cloth trade was badly hit but soon recovered. not safe to collect taxes such as hearth tax this made it difficult to raise money for the dutch wars.

Answer 64

some of the ideas used such as quarantine were used in later outbreaks of infectious disease in 1709 and 1712.

Answer 65

king became unpopular for leaving london. some people were blamed for causing the plague due to their immoral lifestyle or lack of religion.

Answer 66

september 1666 2nd-6th

Answer 67

no one really knows but it probably started in the bake house of Thomas Farriner in Pudding lane.

Answer 68

samual Pepy's diary and Wenceslas Holler's map of fire damage which was comissioned by charles 2 after the fire.

Answer 69

his diaries describe life in restoration London, the plague, the great fire and the dutch war. worked for the admiralty member of the royal society MP from 1679

Answer 70

1) Warehouses storing flammabe materials such as oil, wood, gunpowder and rope caught fire. 2) Mayor Thomas Bloodworth failed to take lead and did not organise the creation of fire breaks 3)Lack of effective ways of fighting the fire; the leather water hoses had been gnawed by rats. fire fighters used squirts, leather buckets, wooden ladders and long hooks to pull thatch from roofs. buildings were pulled down to make fire breaks but they often didnt clear the wood, thatch and plaster away so fire still spread. 4)dry windy weather 5)wooden houses that were built close together with jettying. 6)river levels were low

Answer 71

1)less than ten died but record keeping was poor 2)many left city to escape fire, people with boats or carts charged high prices to higher them out, so only rich could save their possessions this way this angered the poor. 3)some saw the fire as punishment form God for Charles' ungodly lifestyle. James took command and ordered the demolition of houses for a fire break. charles did not desert the city. this improved the reputation of the royal family.

Answer 72

1)a 1/3 of city affected and more than 13,000 homes destroyed 2)87/109 London's churches destroyed including st pauls cathedral. 3)warehouses lost valuable cloth and difficult to collect the hearth tax. country lost money just when charles needed it to fund the dutch wars. 4) rmours that fire had been started deliberately. people blamed the dutch and french. Robert Hubert a french watchmaker confessed and was hung but could not have been responsible. 5) people wanted someone to blame raising anti-catholic feelings contributing ti exclusion crisis. in 1680's signs appeared in London blaming a popish conspiracy for the fire. 6)better fire fighting techniques and fire insurances were introduced.

Answer 73

plans drawn up by christopher wren and john evelyn to rebuild london elegant paris style. arguements over who owned land could not be solves so plans not carried out bussiness needed ti get back to work quickly - no time for eleborate rebuilding money short due to dutch wars chritopher wrens new st pauls cathedral was built improvements in building design: brick used, jettying and thatched roofs banned, windows had to be set back from walls (rebated).

Answer 74

king company run by thomas killigrew ad the dukes company by william davenant thomas betterton was an actorwho later managed the dukes company.

Answer 75

some designed by christopher wren lit with many candles smaller than in tudor times and built for wealthier audience extravagantly decorated, with tiered seats had sliding scenery and proscenium arch which hid props and scenery players would move in front of arch to be close to audience used sound effects and special effects

Answer 76

people would go hoping to catch sight of king important socially to be the first seen to watch a new play women in audiences often wore masks refreshment such as oranges served

Answer 77

first time women could act in plays Aphra behn famous female playwright nell gwynne actress who later became the kings mistress

Answer 78

- complicated plots,sub plots often with disputes between rival lovers -witty arguements sexual references and double meanings -actresses often had parts disguised as men or revealing clothes -male character the fop (opposed with appearance) and the rake (wealthy characater, bad habits, witty,likeable)

Answer 79

spied for charles in netherlands turned tow writing as in debt famous playwright supported tories in exclusion crisis plays portrayed whigs in bad light

Answer 80

orange seller at theatre thomas killigrew who ran the kings theatre company gave her parts in plays became popular actress mistress to charles and had two sons.

Answer 81

inferior to me and less intelligent expected to get married, have many children, run the home and be ruled by husbands married women had no rights all her property belonged to her husband women were not expected to have their own opinions many roles thought to be inappropiate for women women might help her husband with his job this was unpaid.

Answer 82

men would generally not do household tasks roles included having and looking after children, supervising servants, baking and brewing, making and washing clothes, lokking after the garden, nursing the household, keeping household accounts expected to have many children - who from a young age would help aroundthe house no effective contraception and many women died in childbirth if a wife died men normally remarried quickly-hard to run a household books of advise on running a household were printed

Answer 83

women could not vote or become MP's only few women became powerful e.g charles mistress lady castlemaine - hosted social gatherings where politics were discussed. those seeking patronage would often approach charles mistresses.

Answer 84

became more common for women to run bussinesses: becoming ship -owners or merchants often these women were widows

Answer 85

women coukd act celia Fiennes was a traveller who wrote about her journeys

Answer 86

women had always been responsible for treating members of their household some women became professional midwives Jane sharp wrote a guide to midwifery in 1671 women could become apothecaries

Answer 87

charles II

Answer 88

founded in 1660 by chritopher wren, robert boyle and robert hooke dedicated to all branches of science charles had many claims on income so unable to fund as he had planned society relied on money from wealthy members members believed that experimentation and proof were essential scientific principals society held public meetings and demonstrations of new inventions- hoped this would encourage new members and donations

Answer 89

coffee was an exotic product brought back by traders drinking coffee became fashionable men met in coffee houses in large towns and cities they would discuss business and make deals could read news-sheets and debate current affairs and politics scientists would go to coffee houses to discuss new ideas travellers would share accounts coffee houses became known as penny universities as a cup of coffee cost a penny some talk was critical of the king. Charles tried to close them in 1675 if woners swore an oath forebidding seditious talk they were allowed to reopen

Answer 90

scientist and engineer one of the founders of the royal society he worked with boyle to produce a pneumatic pump which was used to create a vacuum royal society put on demonstrations using the pump to show the effect of a vacuum on various things probably the first to invent a balance spring which meant watches could keep time more accurately but a dutchman Huygens was credited his book Micrographia was one of the first to include drawings of what could be seen under a microscope.

Answer 91

scientist one of the founders of the royal society discovered Boyle's law which describes how the pressure of a gas increases as the volume of the container decreases.

Answer 92

many ideas were influenced by european ideas

Answer 93

not just an architect but also a mathematician, anatomist and astronomer influenced by baroque style which he had seen in paris. became very popular style, very elaborate, status symbol to copy this style. drew up plans to rebuild london after great fire but only some used designed new st pauls cathedral with its dome which was a feature of the baroque style designed the royal hospital in Chelsea and Greenwich royal navy college. one of charles' advisors when setting up the royal conservatory

Answer 94

in 1674 sir jonas moore suggested building a royal observatory charles had observatory built at greenwich close to the navel college. christopher wren advised about design designed to improve study of astronomy and navigation knowledge of navigation was important for trade and in naval battles charles appointed John Flamsteed as the first astronomer royal. role was to study the stars and help navigation by establishing lines of longitude so that ships could calculate their position more accurately. sir jonas moore paid for scientific equipment for the observatory contained quadrant for measuirng lattitude, powerful telescopes and two clocks built by Thomas Tompion which were very accurate. these all helped with flamsteeds work the design of the observatory with its octagon room helped to make it earlier to study the stars

Answer 95

director of greenwich royal observatory his patron at court was sir jonas moore as astronomer royal he was given the job of finding ways of improving navigation and calculating lonitude using the stars. used tompions accurate clocks to proove that the revolution of the earth on its axis occured at a regular rate.

Answer 96

Catherine of Braganza's dowry brought charles new territory including tangier and bombay

Answer 97

in north africa it was strategically important position at the entrance to the Mediterranean expensive to defend from Morroco who fought to regain it seen as haven for catholics so parliament refused to raise taxes to support it abondoned by charles in 1683

Answer 98

swampy area and charles had little interest in it. rented it to east india company for £10 a year. this gave the company a monopoly on trade with england and its colonies from that port. They traded in luxury goods such as silks and spices, which were very profitable. east india company became very powerful creating a settlement in bombay that had its own fortifications and legal system. important in establishing a colony in india by the 1800's that would become the most important part of the british empire. the east india company was very wealthy and employed many English people.

Answer 99

traded in india since 1608. when bombay became a crown possesion in 1661 however charles showed little interest. in 1668 the english colony of bombay was transferred to the company. giving the company a foothold in india and from the mid-18th century it claimed more territory and raised taxes. The effects of british expansion were often devestating resulting in events such as the Bengal famine of 1770 which killed millions of indians living under company rule.

Answer 100

1st successful colonies in north america set up by james 1 in 1600's. english settlers took ever more land away from indigigenous habitants in an often violent process that had disastrous impacts on indigenious communities. english claimed 2 blocks of land on the east coast of north america seperated by dutch owned new amsterdam. 1664 james duke of york conquered amsterdam renaming it new york and consolidating englands territory on the east coast.

Answer 101

massachusetts bay colony had a strict non conformist settelement and they disapproved of charles II in 1681 quakers led by william penn settled in what became pennsylvania charles granted land to 8 of his supporters in 1663 and they begn to colonise it in 1670. important area for rice growing.

Answer 102

in 1668 hudson bay company was set up to trade furs (beaver furs) the fur traders gave the first nations and inuuit people pots and pans tools and guns in exchange for furs which were then shipped out to england. charles II and his cousin prince rupert were among the shareholders and made vast profits

Answer 103

under oliver cromwell england,spain and france had fought to colonise the islands in the carribean. privateers such as henry morgan were given letters of marque. allowing them to attack foreign ships and raid ports owned by spanish and the french. in 1665 the english captured jamaica from the spanish enslaved people the vast majority of whom were black in the carribean were forced to work in inhumanne conditions to produce tobacco, sugar and cotton on plantations so that they could be exported to england.

Answer 104

privateer given a letter of marque in 1663 raided french and spanish ports in the carribean accused of piracy became the governor of jamaica from 1680-1682

Answer 105

laid a foundation for the british empire. although america later lost control of some american colonies the whole of india would come under British rule. traders made vast fortunes that could be spent on land and property in england many built large country estatesand lavish town houses. some traders including slavers used their profits in a charitable way to fun hospitals or schools. seen as benefactors at the time in spite of the impact of their activities on african people. nowadays people think differently. importing cotton silks and furs had impact on fashion smoking became a popular pastime which had implications for health that were not understood at the time. tea and coffee drinking became popular and coffee houses were set up

Answer 106

mercantilsm is the belief that countries are competingfor a fixed amount of world trade. to be succesful a country needed to export more goods than it imported england and other european nations such as spain france and the netherlands had colonies overseas. european countries followed a mercantilist policy to try and keep trade within their own colonies. encouraging traiangular trade.

Answer 107

tea,coffee, sugar, tobacco silks cotton and spices were in demand.]important for the economy that goods were imported from english colonies using english ships so that the profits remained in the country from bombay: tea, silks, spices carribean:tobacco cotton and sugar hudson bay: furs

Answer 108

series of laws passed to keep the profits from the trade in hands of english merchants traders and ship owners first act passed in 1651 but four more acts passed between 1660 and 1673 navigation acts meant that england had a protectionist trading policy which increased charles income from taxes as well as increasig merchants wealth. -at lest 3/4 of sailors must be english -all trade between england and the colonies had to be carried in english ships -1673 acts stopped english colonies trading raw materials directly with eachother - from 1663 the colonies could only buy manufactured goods such as pots and pans or guns from england - 16663 act stated that all colonial goods had t go through england to be taxed. -goods that were produced in english colonies must be exported to england or other english colonies

Answer 109

lead to privateering, piracy and smuggling -privateers were similar to pirates but had been given permisiion by government to attck ships and ports belonging to rival countries. in order to protect english interests and increase english influence. -smugglig became common as people tried to aoid paying the high taxes that were put on imported goods

Answer 110

had been some trading in enslaved people since the time of Elizabeth I development of plantations in the new colonies of north america and the carribean meant there was great demand for labour usin enslaved people meant increased profits as no wages the indigenous people in emerica caught european diseases making them too weak to rpovide the traders with the forced labour that was needed so enslaved people were captured from african countries and forced to work instead. products brought back to england were very popular and part of a fashionable lifestyle that involved using sugar, wearing cotton and smoking tobacco. between 1525 and 1807 millions of african people were forcibly taken on english ships and made to work. the conditions they worked in were inhumane and subject to exreee physicological violence and maltreatement and were often sold and seperated from friends at owners will. -

Answer 111

europeans believed that they were justified in enslaving people on religious ground - lsavery is mentioned in the bible, economic reasons - money could be made and they believed that white people were superior so it was deemed acceptable to treat african people brutally

Answer 112

1660 charles set up the company of royal adventurers trading in africa and gave them monopoly of trade in africa. The company later became the royal africa company and concentrated on the atlantic slave trade.

Answer 113

to maximise english profits 3 point trade was developed manufactured goods such as pots and pans were taken to africa captured african people were forcibly taken from west africa to north america where they would be sold as slaves this part was known as the middle pasage the journey might take six weeks conditions were appaling and many enslaved people died. the enslaved people were forced to work on plantations to produce crops such as cotton sugar tobacco and rice these were then shipped back to england.

Answer 114

ensaved people bought cheaply and exspenses were kept to a minimum by overcrowding ships and providing little food port cities such as liverpool, bristol and london were important in the slave trade and became rich with many new homes and public buildings being contructed. slave traders and plantation owners became very rich. enslaved men who were young fetched particulary high prices once they had bought a ship ship owners could leave all teh work up to the ships captain manufacturers such as abraham crowley who made the chains used to shackle the enslaved people made fortunes.

Answer 115

had to enfure appaling conditions and live their lives as slaves

Answer 116

could build lavish houses and some gave money to charity to set up schools or hospitals. this led to slavers being regarded as benefacors despite the horrible impact of their activities on enslaved people

Answer 117

provided jobs for workers and encouraged incestment in the production of manufactured goods leading eventually to the industrial revolution

Answer 118

shipbuilders made profits they could invest

Answer 119

including Charles, James duke of york. charles also made money from taxes on the goods. this beifited charles as he was short of money especially when he ruled without parliament.

Answer 120

this led to african people being treated brutally and their descendants to be treated unfairly even after the abolition of slavery. the racist legacy of the transatlantic slave trade still affects society today.

Answer 121

england as an islands invasions came from sea so a navy to protect was essential -many ships had been built during the commonwealth and charles II continued to build more - during restoration navy became more efficient and organised -traditional to put members of the royal family or noblemen in charge of the navy but there were highly trained seamen working as officers on board the ships -james duke of york was lord high admiral until 1673 when he gave up his post due to being catholic he was replaced by his cousin rupert.

Answer 122

- samuel pepys was chief secretary to the admiralty and was responsible for administration

Answer 123

men were press ganged. gangs would go to towns and cities and take unwilling recruits from inns and pubs although conditions had improved and wages increased for ordinary sailors life was still hard.

Answer 124

way of suporting both trade and the navy the navy protected trading ships and ports from raids by rival countries taxes raised from trade were used to fund the navy mutually sustaining policy

Answer 125

ships lined up side ways on to the enemy so their cannon fire could be concentrated on the enemy and less chance of them firing on their own ships. had been used earlier but improved cannons made it more effective specialist war ships known as ships of the line became increasingly important in battle

Answer 126

rivalry over trade and colonies the mercantilist policy made james duke of york encourage charles to go to war to reduce trade and influence in 1663 the english raided dutch slave trading settlements in west africa. in 1664 the english captured new Amsterdam from the dutch

Answer 127

4 march 1665 charles II declared war on the netherlands the dutch attacked englosh ships leading to the battle of Lowestoft in the english channel in 1665. duke of york used tactics such as the line ahead to lead the english to victory. 32 dutch ships lost and one of their admirals killed. james was a good leader but as heir to throne he needed to be protected so the Earl of Montagu earl of sandwich led the navy after Lowestoft. plague meant that it was difficult to supply ships and lack of supplies meant that Montagu's attacks on the dutch port of Bergen failed france was one of englands rivals for trade and colonies in early 1666 the french joined the war on dutch side. General Monck led the navy in the four days battle in june 1666 failed to use the line ahead and it was a severe defeat fr the british. the remaining english ships retreated to the thames estruary the dutch blockaded the river thames. on 25 july 1666 the english navy broke the blockade destroying 160 dutch ships at the battle of North foreland.

Answer 128

serious defeat for the english peace negotiations started in 1667 but charles still hoped to get french support for another attack on the dutch so began secret negotiations with france. charles became over confident sent many soldiers home to save money the dutch were able to borrow money from their bankers to build 40 new ships before the battle of medway the english fleet was anchored near chatham docks in the river medway part of the thames estruary. the estuary was not well defended there was a half built fort few guns and lack of gunpowder. the chain that was supposed to stop ships entering the river was too low in the water.. te dutch succesfully blockaded the thames and won the battle with no money to continue the war charles agreed to the peace treaty of breda in 1667

Answer 129

in 1670 charles signed treaty of diver with france. france agreed to support england in dutch wars from 1672. in a secret clause charles promised to become catholic many english ships were lost at teh battle of sole bay. in may 1672. the earl of snadwich was killed. in 1673 the english navy now led by prince rupert suffered two defeats against the better prepared dutch at the battles in schoonveld channel and the battle of texel. in 1674 the peace treaty of westminster was signed.

Answer 130

-many in parliament thought that the english should join with the protestant dutch against catholic france and spain. during the plague teaxes like hearth tax could not be collected money was needed to rebuild london after the fire so parliament was relectant to spend money on expensive wars with the dutch. parliament did not approve of charles II's close relationship with france in 3rd dutch war. charles chief minister lord clarendon took the blame for the defeat at the battle of medway and charles sacked him leading to the cabal taking control.

Answer 131

charles overconfidence sending the sailors home after the four days war lack of money lack of supplies due to plague and finances -poor leadership after duke of york steped down poor defences in the thames estuary

Answer 132

no support from parliament pressure to end the war from merchants whose whips were being attacked by the dutch poor leadership and rivalry between the french and english commanders dutch anti catholic propaganda made many in england wary of supporting a war that relied on an alliance with catholic france

Answer 133

catholic country and one of england's main rivals for trade and colonies england captured jamaica from spain in 1655 spain had become very rich in 16th century exploiting gold form it central and southern american empire. spain spent a lot of money on fighting to keep control of the netherlands. the northen netherlands broke away in 1648 and became independant. the southern remained under spanish rule spanish wanted to protect and increase their colonies and trade so they could affod their campaign against the dutch spain became weaker during the restoration spanish ships carrying gold and silver were targeted by english privateers such as henry morgan spain had been an enemy of england for many years the 1670 treaty of madrid was an attempt at peace but failed. charles did not attempt to make an alliance with spain.

Answer 134

charles mother Henrietta Maria was french and his sister had married into the french royal family. charle spent time at the french court while he was in exile charle sadmired louis xiv who was an absolute monarch and believed in the divine right of kings. charles adopted many french fashions and styles charles protestant daughter mary would be heir to the throne after james. charles orginately wanted her to marry the catholic heir to french throne but changed his mind in 1677 and agreed to her marrying the dutch protestant william of orange. as it then suited charles to ally with the dutch

Answer 135

signed the secret treaty of dover in 1670 charles arguements with parliament meant that he was often short of money and from 1675 Louis xiv sent money to charles 1677 treaty of germaine-en-laye was atrade argreement between france and england.

Answer 136

france supported netherlands against spain and hoped to take control of spanish netherlands france had land in quebec and valuable trade meant that louis xiv could build uo his army and navy for the dutch wars. the treaty of dover 1670 was an alliance between england and france in the war against protestant dutch in 1678 charles tried to get involved in the conflict between france and the netherlands parliament agreed to pay providing charlessupported netherlands not france. charles agreed but secretly promised france that he would not attack them. . when this was discovered mps were furious and lead to charles proroguing parliament

Answer 137

mps were wooried that france would try to make england catholic worries increased in 1685 when louis xiv made protesttanism illegal through the revocation of the edict of nantes. many protestants known as huguenots were killed and others fled to england as refugees. during the restoration france and spain made alliances. 2 powerful catholic countries working together was a serious threat. parliament thought that charles should make an alliance with the protestant netherlands against the might of france and spain which meant they refused to grant money for the third dutch war.