restoration Flashcards

Question 1

Q

when was there a civil war between King charles I and parliament?

Answer

A

1642-1648

Question 2

Q

why had charles and parliament gone to war?

Answer

A

charles was passing laws and asking for unfair taxes without parliaments consent.

Question 3

Q

who lead the roundheads and who lead the cavaliers?

Answer

A

roundheads- oliver cromwell
cavaliers- King charles I

Question 4

Q

when was charles captured and imprisoned?

Question 5

Q

how did the rump parliament come about?

Answer

A

parliament was in disagreement over what to do with Charles I.
Dec 1648 cromwell ordered colonel pride to purge parliament of all MP’s who wanted to talk with king. remaining MPs called rump parliament.

Question 6

Q

when was Charles I executed?

Question 7

Q

when was the interregnum?

Answer

A

1649-1660

Question 8

Q

religion pre restoration
how powerful was the catholic church pre 1500?

Answer

A

church owned 1/3rd of all land in England
peasants had to give 10% of there hrvest to priests as a tithe each year
all bibles and services in latin
church sold indulgences

Question 9

Q

who was Martin Luther

Answer

A

leader of protestants

Question 10

Q

how did Protestantism rise?

Answer

A

many people disagreed with the harsh control of catholic church and began to believe that god should be worshipped in a less frivolous way with vernacular bibles and that money should not be wasted on decorations or robes for priests.
led by martin luther
by 129 known as protestants as they protested against catholism

Question 11

Q

when did Henry VIII pass the act of supremacy?

Question 12

Q

what did the act of supremacy do?

Answer

A

made English monarchs the he of the church of England.

Question 13

Q

what did Henry VIII order in 1538?

Answer

A

ordered that every church had bible in England?

Question 14

Q

what was the reformation?

Answer

A

when Henry VIII was reforming church’s.

Question 15

Q

Puritans

Answer

A

very strict protestants whi didnt want to compromise with catholics.

Question 16

Q

presbyterians

Answer

A

strict protestants that wanted bishops gone. thought that local priests should be advised by presbyters- local community leaders

Question 17

Q

anglican

Answer

A

church of england mainstream protestant beliefs

Question 18

Q

examples of strict puritan laws

Answer

A

banning xmas
closing pubs and theatres

Question 19

Q

when did cromwell die

Question 20

Q

when did king charles II return

Question 21

Q

when was parliament first disbanded?

Answer

A

1653
oliver cromwell then ruled the PROTECTORATE as LORD PROTECTOR.

Question 22

Q

when was charles II in exile
and who did he spend it with

Answer

A

1646-60 and at french court with Louis XIV

Question 23

Q

louis XIV

Answer

A

king of France since he was a child
court was extravagant and colourful
catholic
believed in divine right of kings

Question 24

Q

Oliver Cromwell key facts

Answer

A

leader of parliamentarian army during english civil war
became lord protector in 1653
died in 1658
1661 body dug up so it could be hung drawn and quartered as punishment for regicide

Question 25

Q

Charles II key facts

Answer

A

oldest son of charles I
married Catherine of Braganza in 1662 but they had no children
officially Anglican but converted to catholic on his death bed
known as merry monarch
had many mistresses and illegitimate children

Question 26

Q

Question 27

Q

Timeline of the restoration

Answer

A

1653- Cromwell made lord protector
1658- Cromwell dies son takes over but is inexperienced and is forced to resign army now holds power
1659- mps who had been forced from parliament in 1648 returned to form the LONG parliament
April 1660- signing of declaration of Breda
May 1660- Charles II restored to the throne

Question 28

Q

What was on the Declaration Of Breda

Answer

A

Charles must:
-take parliaments advice
-allow peaceful religious beliefs
-pay the army their wages
-not persecute those who had fought against the king in the civil war

Question 29

Q

What problems did Charles II face upon his return

Answer

A

-religious and political divisions
-parliament was now more powerful than ever
-needed to deal with those who had opposed his father
Passed ACT of INDEMNITY which put into law that those who opposed Charles I would not be prosecuted only those who were key in Charles I’s execution were put to death for regicide

Question 30

Q

Absolutism

Answer

A

Absolutist monarchs can make laws without asking parliament for approvals

Question 31

Q

Anglicans

Answer

A

Church of England those who wanted a return to an official English church with the king at its head controlled by bishops in each local area and with an official book of prayer to be used at services

Question 32

Q

Bishop

Answer

A

An important clergyman in charge of the churches and priests in a region of the country

Question 33

Q

Catholic/catholism

Answer

A

The Christian religion had dominated Europe until the 1550’s at that time many people rejected catholic beliefs and the pope in Rome as the head of the church

Question 34

Q

Dissenters

Answer

A

Non-Anglican for example Presbyterian and often radical Protestants such as quakers who did not want to be forced to worship as part of an official Church of England

Question 35

Q

Dissolved

Answer

A

When a parliament is closed so that new elections cannot be arranged this is called dissolution

Question 36

Q

Indemnity

Answer

A

A promise that people would not be prosecuted for the actions they took in the civil war

Question 37

Q

Interregnum

Answer

A

A Latin word which means between kings

Question 38

Q

Protestants

Answer

A

Non catholics who protested against the power of the Catholic Church

Question 39

Q

Presbyterians

Answer

A

Protestant Christian’s who believed that there should be no bishops in the Church of England. Instead they thought that priests and church leaders should be advised by presbyters- leaders of the local community

Question 40

Q

Pride’s purge

Answer

A

When in 1648 having ordered by Cromwell colonel pride used soldiers to remove from parliament all MP’s who wanted to negotiate with Charles I

Question 41

Q

Puritans

Answer

A

Those who wanted to reform the Anglican Church and make it more Protestant

Question 42

Q

Rump parliament

Answer

A

The MP’s who remained in parliament after the purge by colonel pride in 1648. Pride marched into parliament with soldiers and threw out MP’s who wanted to negotiate with Charles I

Question 43

Q

Restoration

Answer

A

When a king is given back his throne. 1649 Charles I executed 1660 Charles II became king

Question 44

Q

Toleration

Answer

A

The right to worship your religion in peace without being arrested or persecuted

Question 45

Q

convention parliament

Answer

A

1660-61
split between royalists and parliamentarians
agreed to give charles money each year to run governement

Question 46

Q

clarendon ministry

Answer

A

1661-67
charles chief minister lord clarendon
mps supported king but still conflicts over religion, foreign policy and money

Question 47

Q

triennial act

Answer

A

1664
king only had to call governement every 3 years weakening govs power but had to agree to limiting religious toleration

Question 48

Q

cabal

Answer

A

1668-1673
charles chief advisors a powerful group of ministers who controlled gov policy
members of house of lords
agreed to fund army and grant charles more money but disagreed among themselves on religious toleration and parliaments powers.

Question 49

Q

Danby ministry

Answer

A

1674-1679
led by earl of danby
Mps divided into whigs and tories
whigs disapproved of kings lavish lifestyle wanted toleration for dissentersbut feared catholics and wanted to stop james duke of york

vs
tories supported king and anglican church and thought james should succeed

Question 50

Q

exclusion parliaments

Answer

A

1679-81
many arguements over who should succeed Charles II

Question 51

Q

poll tax

Answer

A

tax on how many people were in a household

Question 52

Q

hearth taxes

Answer

A

how many fireplaces were in your home

Question 53

Q

conformists

Answer

A

anglicans/church of england

Question 54

Q

non conformists

Answer

A

catholics
dissenters or protestant non confirmists such as puritans quakers and presbyterians

Question 55

Q

declaration of indulgence

Answer

A

1662
king promised toleration for catholics puritans and other dissenters. but forced to change mind when parliament delayed granting him more money beacuse of this

Question 56

Q

clarendon code

Answer

A

a series of acts making life dificult for catholics and dissenters

Question 57

Q

earl of clarendon

Answer

A

advisor to charles during his exile
charles II;s chief minister at beginning of his reign
exiled in 1667 after the battle of Medway

Question 58

Q

earl of danby

Answer

A

opponent of clarendon ministry
anglican who opposed toleration for catholics and dissenters
secretly tried to get money from france to help charles

Question 59

Q

James duke of york

Answer

A

kings younger brother
became a catholic
married anne hyde and had two survivng daughters who were raised as protestants
later married mary of modena a catholic
became catholic 1671 married second wife who was a catholic if she had a son would be catholic and overtake protestants sisters as heir

Question 60

Q

corporation act
clarendon code

Answer

A

1661
anyone who held public office must swear an oath supporting the king and church of england

Question 61

Q

act of uniformity
clarendon code

Answer

A

1662
book of common prayer was made compulsory all clergymen who disagreed were ejected and replaced

Question 62

Q

five mile act
clarendon code

Answer

A

1665
priests who had been ejected from the church could not preach within 5 miles of old church

Question 63

Q

conventicle act
clarendon code

Answer

A

1664
groups larger than 5 people could not worship together unless C of E

Question 64

Q

The test act
clarendon code

Answer

A

1673
anyone holding a position of authority had to declare that they were not catholic or resign from their position

Answer 59

A

1672
forced to withdraw it

Answer 60

A

1667
a battle against the dutch in which the dutch were victorious
clarendon blamed and sacked

Answer 61

A

1670
public alliance with louis Xiv and catholic france vs protestant dutch
charles also signed a seceret treaty of dover promising to become catholic if louis gave him money and agreed to send troops if there were anti-catholic rebellions

Answer 62

A

august 1678 charles told there was a plot to kill him
israel tongue reported that 100 jesuits were going to kill the king
titus oates made up evidence about the popish plot and told the privy council
sir edward godfey who was questioning oates found dead in london
many believed catholics had killed him to stop spreading information
oates accused 5 members of house of lords of being a part of the plot and they were arrested
13 people executed for alleged prt in plot
james’s wife became unpopular
plot increased violence against catholics
earl of danby forced to resign when it was discovered that he had been negotiating to get money from france

Answer 63

A

priests who worked to spread Catholicism

Answer 64

A

someone who actively trying to spread their beliefs (protestant)

Answer 65

A

1683 conspirators planned to ambush charles II and james and take them to RYE house
wanted charles’ illegitimate son protestant duke of monmouth on throne
many believed that whigs were behind the plot
used as an exscuse to arrest and execute whig leaders Algernon sidney lord russell and earl of essex

Answer 66

A

had been an angelican priest
wet to spain to train as jesuit but expelled due to lieng about qualifications
gave evidence to privy council about popish plot

Answer 67

A

second wife of james duke of york
a catholic
her secretary edward colman was implicated in the popish plot

Answer 68

A

James duke of york (who charles believed was gods will to succeed)
james protestant daughter mary (but was about to get married to william of orange a foreigner so unpopular)
charles oldest illigitimate son duke of monmouth
divorce his wife and have a new heir

Answer 69

A

1673 when he left his post as lord high admiral due to the test act.

Answer 70

A

1679 Lord SHAFTESBURY put forward first exclusion bill (to stop james)

exclusion bil supported by house of commons but to prevent it becoming law charles II prorogued parliament and exiled duke of monmouth

elections were held and majority of MP’s elected were whigs who wanted james excluded. charles refused to call a meeting of parliament so bills could be put forward.

after propaganda campaigns by whigs many signed petitions calling for parliament to be allowed to meet.

2nd exclsuion parliament finally met in october 1680 and another exclusion bill was put forward.

tories mounted a countercampaign suggesting that the whigs would lead the country into another civil war.
bill rejected and charles again disssolved parliament

3rd exclusion parliament known as oxford parliament met in 1681

james offered to limit his powers when he became king but whigs didnt accept this

shaftesbury 3rd exclusion bill suggested that duke of monmouth should be heir bill passed by commons but charles again closed parliament

MP’s did not want another civil war so there was no armed revolt as shaftesbury had hoped
shaftesbury arrested for high treason and later left the country

Answer 71

A

1681-1684
been given money by Louis xiv and trade was good so did not need parliament to raise taxes so did not recall it. prevented another exclusion bill

Answer 72

A

life during the interregnum was ver dull - puritan laws were strict
charles was a colourful character who enjoyed parties and entertaining at court
had many mistresses and illigitimate children
wanted an extravagant court like louis xiv

Answer 73

A

court was centre of charles government and his private life - including members of household and courtiers who took part in public ceremonies to show of wealth and power

people wanted to gain patronage from the king and tried to gain access to charles at court

king’s mistresses became very powerful including actress Nell Gwynn the french woman Louise de keroualle and lady castlemaine

those seeking patronage would hope for money, land, positions and a monopoly
charles sorrounded himself with rakes

Answer 74

A

kings main home and where he governed country with privy council
people wanting to gain influence built elaborate homes near to whitehall and copied the kings style

charles used the banquet hall to entertain foreign visitors and important people
royal apartements decorated in fashionable flamboyant baroque style with many french furnishings

Answer 75

A

new styles of dress became popular copying french fashions

when charles came to the throne men wore long curled periwigs and clothes decorated with lace ribbons and embroidery. women wore low cut embroidered dresses
later men wore plainer ‘english style’ coats and breeches with hose on the legs

Answer 76

A

some were not pleased to have a king again so charles needed a popular public image
1662 married Catherine of Braganza - portuguese princess- wedding was an opportunity to show off
patron of arts and sciences

Answer 77

A

bacteria - Yersina pestis
most victims infected when bitten by fleas that lived on rats that carried the bacteria.

Answer 78

A

they listed the causes of death in different parts of london.

Answer 79

A

-miasma
-the alignment of the planets
-cats and dogs
-it was punishment from god

Answer 80

A

1) households with plague quarantined for 40 days. red crosses and words lord have mercy on us painted on doors
2)incoming ships quarantined for 40 days
3)anyone wanting to travel had to have a health certificate
4)watchers were appointed to enforce regulations
5)searchers examined bodies to see if they had died from plague
6)victims buried after dark in mass graves or plague pits
7) some pest houses were built for the sick but there were not enough of them
8)public gatherings such as plays and meetings of the royal society were banned
9)dogs and cats were killed
10)people were responsible for sweeping up rubbish from outside their own house
11)advice included putting chicken feathers on buboes, drinking a potion of herbs soaked in urine or smoking a pipe to keep the bad air away.
12) carrying charms or passages from the bible

Answer 81

A

hundreds of thousand died across the country
london lost 100,000 a quarter of the population.
no exact figures as records incomplete
poor suffered the most as the rich could leave the city

Answer 82

A

short term impact as trade halted
farmers did not want to travel to markets in towns
colchesters cloth trade was badly hit but soon recovered.
not safe to collect taxes such as hearth tax this made it difficult to raise money for the dutch wars.

Answer 83

A

some of the ideas used such as quarantine were used in later outbreaks of infectious disease in 1709 and 1712.

Answer 84

A

king became unpopular for leaving london. some people were blamed for causing the plague due to their immoral lifestyle or lack of religion.

Answer 85

A

september 1666 2nd-6th

Answer 86

A

no one really knows but it probably started in the bake house of Thomas Farriner in Pudding lane.

Answer 87

A

samual Pepy’s diary and Wenceslas Holler’s map of fire damage which was comissioned by charles 2 after the fire.

Answer 88

A

his diaries describe life in restoration London, the plague, the great fire and the dutch war.
worked for the admiralty
member of the royal society
MP from 1679

Answer 89

A

1) Warehouses storing flammabe materials such as oil, wood, gunpowder and rope caught fire.

2) Mayor Thomas Bloodworth failed to take lead and did not organise the creation of fire breaks

3)Lack of effective ways of fighting the fire; the leather water hoses had been gnawed by rats. fire fighters used squirts, leather buckets, wooden ladders and long hooks to pull thatch from roofs. buildings were pulled down to make fire breaks but they often didnt clear the wood, thatch and plaster away so fire still spread.

4)dry windy weather

5)wooden houses that were built close together with jettying.

6)river levels were low

Answer 90

A

1)less than ten died but record keeping was poor
2)many left city to escape fire, people with boats or carts charged high prices to higher them out, so only rich could save their possessions this way this angered the poor.
3)some saw the fire as punishment form God for Charles’ ungodly lifestyle. James took command and ordered the demolition of houses for a fire break. charles did not desert the city. this improved the reputation of the royal family.

Answer 91

A

1)a 1/3 of city affected and more than 13,000 homes destroyed
2)87/109 London’s churches destroyed including st pauls cathedral.
3)warehouses lost valuable cloth and difficult to collect the hearth tax. country lost money just when charles needed it to fund the dutch wars.
4) rmours that fire had been started deliberately. people blamed the dutch and french. Robert Hubert a french watchmaker confessed and was hung but could not have been responsible.
5) people wanted someone to blame raising anti-catholic feelings contributing ti exclusion crisis. in 1680’s signs appeared in London blaming a popish conspiracy for the fire.
6)better fire fighting techniques and fire insurances were introduced.

Answer 92

A

plans drawn up by christopher wren and john evelyn to rebuild london elegant paris style.

arguements over who owned land could not be solves so plans not carried out
bussiness needed ti get back to work quickly - no time for eleborate rebuilding
money short due to dutch wars
chritopher wrens new st pauls cathedral was built
improvements in building design:
brick used, jettying and thatched roofs banned, windows had to be set back from walls (rebated).

Answer 93

A

king company run by thomas killigrew ad the dukes company by william davenant
thomas betterton was an actorwho later managed the dukes company.

Answer 94

A

some designed by christopher wren
lit with many candles
smaller than in tudor times and built for wealthier audience
extravagantly decorated, with tiered seats
had sliding scenery and proscenium arch which hid props and scenery
players would move in front of arch to be close to audience
used sound effects and special effects

Answer 95

A

people would go hoping to catch sight of king
important socially to be the first seen to watch a new play
women in audiences often wore masks
refreshment such as oranges served

Answer 96

A

first time women could act in plays
Aphra behn famous female playwright
nell gwynne actress who later became the kings mistress

Answer 97

A

complicated plots,sub plots often with disputes between rival lovers
-witty arguements sexual references and double meanings
-actresses often had parts disguised as men or revealing clothes
-male character the fop (opposed with appearance) and the rake (wealthy characater, bad habits, witty,likeable)

Answer 98

A

spied for charles in netherlands
turned tow writing as in debt
famous playwright
supported tories in exclusion crisis
plays portrayed whigs in bad light

Answer 99

A

orange seller at theatre
thomas killigrew who ran the kings theatre company gave her parts in plays
became popular actress
mistress to charles and had two sons.

Answer 100

A

inferior to me and less intelligent
expected to get married, have many children, run the home and be ruled by husbands
married women had no rights all her property belonged to her husband
women were not expected to have their own opinions
many roles thought to be inappropiate for women
women might help her husband with his job this was unpaid.

Answer 101

A

men would generally not do household tasks
roles included having and looking after children, supervising servants, baking and brewing, making and washing clothes, lokking after the garden, nursing the household, keeping household accounts
expected to have many children - who from a young age would help aroundthe house
no effective contraception and many women died in childbirth
if a wife died men normally remarried quickly-hard to run a household
books of advise on running a household were printed

Answer 102

A

women could not vote or become MP’s
only few women became powerful
e.g charles mistress lady castlemaine - hosted social gatherings where politics were discussed.
those seeking patronage would often approach charles mistresses.

Answer 103

A

became more common for women to run bussinesses: becoming ship -owners or merchants
often these women were widows

Answer 104

A

women coukd act
celia Fiennes was a traveller who wrote about her journeys

Answer 105

A

women had always been responsible for treating members of their household
some women became professional midwives
Jane sharp wrote a guide to midwifery in 1671
women could become apothecaries

Answer 106

A

charles II

Answer 107

A

founded in 1660 by chritopher wren, robert boyle and robert hooke
dedicated to all branches of science
charles had many claims on income so unable to fund as he had planned
society relied on money from wealthy members
members believed that experimentation and proof were essential scientific principals
society held public meetings and demonstrations of new inventions- hoped this would encourage new members and donations

Answer 108

A

coffee was an exotic product brought back by traders
drinking coffee became fashionable
men met in coffee houses in large towns and cities
they would discuss business and make deals
could read news-sheets and debate current affairs and politics
scientists would go to coffee houses to discuss new ideas
travellers would share accounts
coffee houses became known as penny universities as a cup of coffee cost a penny
some talk was critical of the king. Charles tried to close them in 1675 if woners swore an oath forebidding seditious talk they were allowed to reopen

Answer 109

A

scientist and engineer
one of the founders of the royal society
he worked with boyle to produce a pneumatic pump which was used to create a vacuum
royal society put on demonstrations using the pump to show the effect of a vacuum on various things
probably the first to invent a balance spring which meant watches could keep time more accurately but a dutchman Huygens was credited
his book Micrographia was one of the first to include drawings of what could be seen under a microscope.

Answer 110

A

scientist
one of the founders of the royal society
discovered Boyle’s law which describes how the pressure of a gas increases as the volume of the container decreases.

Answer 111

A

many ideas were influenced by european ideas

Answer 112

A

not just an architect but also a mathematician, anatomist and astronomer
influenced by baroque style which he had seen in paris. became very popular style, very elaborate, status symbol to copy this style.
drew up plans to rebuild london after great fire but only some used
designed new st pauls cathedral with its dome which was a feature of the baroque style
designed the royal hospital in Chelsea and Greenwich royal navy college.
one of charles’ advisors when setting up the royal conservatory

Answer 113

A

in 1674 sir jonas moore suggested building a royal observatory
charles had observatory built at greenwich close to the navel college.
christopher wren advised about design
designed to improve study of astronomy and navigation
knowledge of navigation was important for trade and in naval battles
charles appointed John Flamsteed as the first astronomer royal. role was to study the stars and help navigation by establishing lines of longitude so that ships could calculate their position more accurately.
sir jonas moore paid for scientific equipment for the observatory
contained quadrant for measuirng lattitude, powerful telescopes and two clocks built by Thomas Tompion which were very accurate. these all helped with flamsteeds work
the design of the observatory with its octagon room helped to make it earlier to study the stars

Answer 114

A

director of greenwich royal observatory
his patron at court was sir jonas moore
as astronomer royal he was given the job of finding ways of improving navigation and calculating lonitude using the stars.
used tompions accurate clocks to proove that the revolution of the earth on its axis occured at a regular rate.

Answer 115

A

Catherine of Braganza’s dowry brought charles new territory
including tangier and bombay

Answer 116

A

in north africa
it was strategically important position at the entrance to the Mediterranean
expensive to defend from Morroco who fought to regain it
seen as haven for catholics so parliament refused to raise taxes to support it
abondoned by charles in 1683

Answer 117

A

swampy area and charles had little interest in it. rented it to east india company for £10 a year. this gave the company a monopoly on trade with england and its colonies from that port. They traded in luxury goods such as silks and spices, which were very profitable.

east india company became very powerful creating a settlement in bombay that had its own fortifications and legal system. important in establishing a colony in india by the 1800’s that would become the most important part of the british empire.

the east india company was very wealthy and employed many English people.

Answer 118

A

traded in india since 1608. when bombay became a crown possesion in 1661 however charles showed little interest. in 1668 the english colony of bombay was transferred to the company. giving the company a foothold in india and from the mid-18th century it claimed more territory and raised taxes. The effects of british expansion were often devestating resulting in events such as the Bengal famine of 1770 which killed millions of indians living under company rule.

Answer 119

A

1st successful colonies in north america set up by james 1 in 1600’s.
english settlers took ever more land away from indigigenous habitants in an often violent process that had disastrous impacts on indigenious communities.
english claimed 2 blocks of land on the east coast of north america seperated by dutch owned new amsterdam.
1664 james duke of york conquered amsterdam renaming it new york and consolidating englands territory on the east coast.

Answer 120

A

massachusetts bay colony had a strict non conformist settelement and they disapproved of charles II

in 1681 quakers led by william penn settled in what became pennsylvania

charles granted land to 8 of his supporters in 1663 and they begn to colonise it in 1670. important area for rice growing.

Answer 121

A

in 1668 hudson bay company was set up to trade furs (beaver furs)
the fur traders gave the first nations and inuuit people pots and pans tools and guns in exchange for furs which were then shipped out to england.
charles II and his cousin prince rupert were among the shareholders and made vast profits

Answer 122

A

under oliver cromwell england,spain and france had fought to colonise the islands in the carribean.
privateers such as henry morgan were given letters of marque. allowing them to attack foreign ships and raid ports owned by spanish and the french.
in 1665 the english captured jamaica from the spanish
enslaved people the vast majority of whom were black in the carribean were forced to work in inhumanne conditions to produce tobacco, sugar and cotton on plantations so that they could be exported to england.

Answer 123

A

privateer
given a letter of marque in 1663
raided french and spanish ports in the carribean
accused of piracy
became the governor of jamaica from 1680-1682

Answer 124

A

laid a foundation for the british empire. although america later lost control of some american colonies the whole of india would come under British rule.

traders made vast fortunes that could be spent on land and property in england many built large country estatesand lavish town houses.

some traders including slavers used their profits in a charitable way to fun hospitals or schools. seen as benefactors at the time in spite of the impact of their activities on african people. nowadays people think differently.

importing cotton silks and furs had impact on fashion
smoking became a popular pastime which had implications for health that were not understood at the time.

tea and coffee drinking became popular and coffee houses were set up

Answer 125

A

mercantilsm is the belief that countries are competingfor a fixed amount of world trade.
to be succesful a country needed to export more goods than it imported
england and other european nations such as spain france and the netherlands had colonies overseas.

european countries followed a mercantilist policy to try and keep trade within their own colonies.
encouraging traiangular trade.

Answer 126

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tea,coffee, sugar, tobacco silks cotton and spices were in demand.]important for the economy that goods were imported from english colonies using english ships so that the profits remained in the country
from bombay: tea, silks, spices
carribean:tobacco cotton and sugar
hudson bay: furs

Answer 127

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series of laws passed to keep the profits from the trade in hands of english merchants traders and ship owners
first act passed in 1651 but four more acts passed between 1660 and 1673
navigation acts meant that england had a protectionist trading policy which increased charles income from taxes as well as increasig merchants wealth.

-at lest 3/4 of sailors must be english
-all trade between england and the colonies had to be carried in english ships
-1673 acts stopped english colonies trading raw materials directly with eachother
- from 1663 the colonies could only buy manufactured goods such as pots and pans or guns from england
- 16663 act stated that all colonial goods had t go through england to be taxed.
-goods that were produced in english colonies must be exported to england or other english colonies

Answer 128

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lead to privateering, piracy and smuggling
-privateers were similar to pirates but had been given permisiion by government to attck ships and ports belonging to rival countries. in order to protect english interests and increase english influence.

-smugglig became common as people tried to aoid paying the high taxes that were put on imported goods

Answer 129

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had been some trading in enslaved people since the time of Elizabeth I
development of plantations in the new colonies of north america and the carribean meant there was great demand for labour
usin enslaved people meant increased profits as no wages
the indigenous people in emerica caught european diseases making them too weak to rpovide the traders with the forced labour that was needed so enslaved people were captured from african countries and forced to work instead.
products brought back to england were very popular and part of a fashionable lifestyle that involved using sugar, wearing cotton and smoking tobacco.
between 1525 and 1807 millions of african people were forcibly taken on english ships and made to work. the conditions they worked in were inhumane and subject to exreee physicological violence and maltreatement and were often sold and seperated from friends at owners will.

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Answer 130

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europeans believed that they were justified in enslaving people on religious ground - lsavery is mentioned in the bible, economic reasons - money could be made and they believed that white people were superior so it was deemed acceptable to treat african people brutally

Answer 131

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1660 charles set up the company of royal adventurers trading in africa and gave them monopoly of trade in africa. The company later became the royal africa company and concentrated on the atlantic slave trade.

Answer 132

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to maximise english profits 3 point trade was developed
manufactured goods such as pots and pans were taken to africa
captured african people were forcibly taken from west africa to north america where they would be sold as slaves
this part was known as the middle pasage the journey might take six weeks conditions were appaling and many enslaved people died.
the enslaved people were forced to work on plantations to produce crops such as cotton sugar tobacco and rice these were then shipped back to england.

Answer 133

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ensaved people bought cheaply and exspenses were kept to a minimum by overcrowding ships and providing little food
port cities such as liverpool, bristol and london were important in the slave trade and became rich with many new homes and public buildings being contructed.

slave traders and plantation owners became very rich. enslaved men who were young fetched particulary high prices

once they had bought a ship ship owners could leave all teh work up to the ships captain

manufacturers such as abraham crowley who made the chains used to shackle the enslaved people made fortunes.

Answer 134

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had to enfure appaling conditions and live their lives as slaves

Answer 135

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could build lavish houses and some gave money to charity to set up schools or hospitals. this led to slavers being regarded as benefacors despite the horrible impact of their activities on enslaved people

Answer 136

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provided jobs for workers and encouraged incestment in the production of manufactured goods leading eventually to the industrial revolution

Answer 137

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shipbuilders made profits they could invest

Answer 138

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including Charles, James duke of york. charles also made money from taxes on the goods. this beifited charles as he was short of money especially when he ruled without parliament.

Answer 139

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this led to african people being treated brutally and their descendants to be treated unfairly even after the abolition of slavery. the racist legacy of the transatlantic slave trade still affects society today.

Answer 140

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england as an islands invasions came from sea so a navy to protect was essential
-many ships had been built during the commonwealth and charles II continued to build more
- during restoration navy became more efficient and organised
-traditional to put members of the royal family or noblemen in charge of the navy but there were highly trained seamen working as officers on board the ships
-james duke of york was lord high admiral until 1673 when he gave up his post due to being catholic he was replaced by his cousin rupert.

Answer 141

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samuel pepys was chief secretary to the admiralty and was responsible for administration

Answer 142

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men were press ganged. gangs would go to towns and cities and take unwilling recruits from inns and pubs
although conditions had improved and wages increased for ordinary sailors life was still hard.

Answer 143

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way of suporting both trade and the navy
the navy protected trading ships and ports from raids by rival countries
taxes raised from trade were used to fund the navy
mutually sustaining policy

Answer 144

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ships lined up side ways on to the enemy so their cannon fire could be concentrated on the enemy and less chance of them firing on their own ships.
had been used earlier but improved cannons made it more effective
specialist war ships known as ships of the line became increasingly important in battle

Answer 145

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1652-1654

Answer 146

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rivalry over trade and colonies
the mercantilist policy made james duke of york encourage charles to go to war to reduce trade and influence
in 1663 the english raided dutch slave trading settlements in west africa.
in 1664 the english captured new Amsterdam from the dutch

Answer 147

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4 march 1665 charles II declared war on the netherlands
the dutch attacked englosh ships leading to the battle of Lowestoft in the english channel in 1665. duke of york used tactics such as the line ahead to lead the english to victory. 32 dutch ships lost and one of their admirals killed. james was a good leader but as heir to throne he needed to be protected so the Earl of Montagu earl of sandwich led the navy after Lowestoft.

plague meant that it was difficult to supply ships and lack of supplies meant that Montagu’s attacks on the dutch port of Bergen failed

france was one of englands rivals for trade and colonies in early 1666 the french joined the war on dutch side.

General Monck led the navy in the four days battle in june 1666 failed to use the line ahead and it was a severe defeat fr the british. the remaining english ships retreated to the thames estruary the dutch blockaded the river thames. on 25 july 1666 the english navy broke the blockade destroying 160 dutch ships at the battle of North foreland.

Answer 148

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serious defeat for the english
peace negotiations started in 1667 but charles still hoped to get french support for another attack on the dutch so began secret negotiations with france.
charles became over confident sent many soldiers home to save money
the dutch were able to borrow money from their bankers to build 40 new ships before the battle of medway
the english fleet was anchored near chatham docks in the river medway part of the thames estruary.
the estuary was not well defended there was a half built fort few guns and lack of gunpowder. the chain that was supposed to stop ships entering the river was too low in the water..
te dutch succesfully blockaded the thames and won the battle
with no money to continue the war charles agreed to the peace treaty of breda in 1667

Answer 149

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in 1670 charles signed treaty of diver with france. france agreed to support england in dutch wars from 1672. in a secret clause charles promised to become catholic
many english ships were lost at teh battle of sole bay. in may 1672. the earl of snadwich was killed.
in 1673 the english navy now led by prince rupert suffered two defeats against the better prepared dutch at the battles in schoonveld channel and the battle of texel.
in 1674 the peace treaty of westminster was signed.

Answer 150

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-many in parliament thought that the english should join with the protestant dutch against catholic france and spain.
during the plague teaxes like hearth tax could not be collected money was needed to rebuild london after the fire so parliament was relectant to spend money on expensive wars with the dutch.
parliament did not approve of charles II’s close relationship with france in 3rd dutch war.
charles chief minister lord clarendon took the blame for the defeat at the battle of medway and charles sacked him leading to the cabal taking control.

Answer 151

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charles overconfidence sending the sailors home after the four days war
lack of money
lack of supplies due to plague and finances
-poor leadership after duke of york steped down
poor defences in the thames estuary

Answer 152

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no support from parliament
pressure to end the war from merchants whose whips were being attacked by the dutch
poor leadership and rivalry between the french and english commanders
dutch anti catholic propaganda made many in england wary of supporting a war that relied on an alliance with catholic france

Answer 153

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catholic country and one of england’s main rivals for trade and colonies
england captured jamaica from spain in 1655
spain had become very rich in 16th century exploiting gold form it central and southern american empire.
spain spent a lot of money on fighting to keep control of the netherlands. the northen netherlands broke away in 1648 and became independant. the southern remained under spanish rule
spanish wanted to protect and increase their colonies and trade so they could affod their campaign against the dutch
spain became weaker during the restoration
spanish ships carrying gold and silver were targeted by english privateers such as henry morgan
spain had been an enemy of england for many years the 1670 treaty of madrid was an attempt at peace but failed.
charles did not attempt to make an alliance with spain.

Answer 154

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charles mother Henrietta Maria was french and his sister had married into the french royal family.
charle spent time at the french court while he was in exile
charle sadmired louis xiv who was an absolute monarch and believed in the divine right of kings.
charles adopted many french fashions and styles
charles protestant daughter mary would be heir to the throne after james. charles orginately wanted her to marry the catholic heir to french throne but changed his mind in 1677 and agreed to her marrying the dutch protestant william of orange. as it then suited charles to ally with the dutch

Answer 155

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signed the secret treaty of dover in 1670
charles arguements with parliament meant that he was often short of money and from 1675 Louis xiv sent money to charles
1677 treaty of germaine-en-laye was atrade argreement between france and england.

Answer 156

A

france supported netherlands against spain and hoped to take control of spanish netherlands
france had land in quebec and valuable trade meant that louis xiv could build uo his army and navy for the dutch wars.
the treaty of dover 1670 was an alliance between england and france in the war against protestant dutch
in 1678 charles tried to get involved in the conflict between france and the netherlands parliament agreed to pay providing charlessupported netherlands not france. charles agreed but secretly promised france that he would not attack them. . when this was discovered mps were furious and lead to charles proroguing parliament

Answer 157

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mps were wooried that france would try to make england catholic
worries increased in 1685 when louis xiv made protesttanism illegal through the revocation of the edict of nantes. many protestants known as huguenots were killed and others fled to england as refugees.
during the restoration france and spain made alliances. 2 powerful catholic countries working together was a serious threat.
parliament thought that charles should make an alliance with the protestant netherlands against the might of france and spain which meant they refused to grant money for the third dutch war.

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