modern medicine

Question 1

who was sir william beveridge?

Answer 1

economist who had been an adviser to loyd george

Question 2

what was the beveridge report?

Answer 2

set out proposals to fight the 5 evils
- want
- disease
-ignorance
-squalor
-idleness
clement atlee and health secretary Nye Bevan implemented it.

Question 3

when was the NHS fomed?

Answer 3

1948

Question 4

what were the major changes to health care brought about by the formation of the national health service?

Answer 4

-reditributed surgeries/hospitals/healthcare centres across country ensuring deprived areas were covered
-made healthcare free at the point of need
-brought all services together so that an individual could be referred to specialist services after one visit to the gp.
-made preventative healthcare (midwives/district nurses ect) more available

Question 5

when and why were some charges introduced to the NHS?

Answer 5

1952
the budget was under pressure

Question 6

how did the 1st and second ww’s improve public health?

Answer 6

-british soldiers enjoyed a beter diet medical care and welfare during ww1 than they had as civilians - spread awareness of gravity of public health
- daily insections by plantoon officer and sergeant (looking for trench foot) - soldiers health better cared for
- almost 2 million newly disabled british ex-servicemen came home from battelfronts of ww1. attitudes had to change they were heroes who had sacrificed their bodies for the nation. helped break down stigma around disabled people and increase benifits.
- close of war government focused on national responsability to provide homes. Loyd George’s speech ‘homes fit for hereos’ leading to housing and town planning act of 1919.
-lots of evacuees were taken in and this made visible the extent of poor housing that people endured. caused shock and willingness to want to improve conditions. also this desire grew in politicians
-250,000 homes were totally setroyed nd 2 million other badly damged- clear need to provide housing for millions of people

Question 7

when were free school meals implemented?

Answer 7

1906

Question 8

what were the aims of implementing free school meals?

Answer 8

local councils given power to provide free school meals for children from poor backgrounds out of rates (council tax).

Question 9

how did the implementation of free school meals affect public health?

Answer 9

+ve
158,000 children being fed by 1914.
BUT
permissive ledgislation councils did not have to provide this service

Question 10

when were school medical inspections implemented?

Answer 10

1907

Question 11

aims of implementing school medical inspections?

Answer 11

children got compulsory health checks in schools and doctors and nurses could reccomend treatement. seeing doctors at time cost money so helped.

Question 12

how did school medical inspections affect public health?

Answer 12

children health problems could be spotted in this check but parents had to pay for treatement which was not always possible.

Question 13

when was the children’s act?

Answer 13

1908

Question 14

aims of childrens act

Answer 14

childrens charter laid down childrens rights children were protected fro their own parents up to the age of 14. made it illegal to sell alcohol, tobacco or fireworks to children.

Question 15

how did the childrens act affect public health

Answer 15

act applied to all children in country but enforcing it was problematic
child abuse was not eliminated
children still manged to get alcohol and drugs as not policed carefully enough

Question 16

when were school clinics implemented

Answer 16

1912

Question 17

aims of school clinics

Answer 17

provide free medical treatement for children
most local councils doing this by 1914

Question 18

when was the Labour exchanges act made?

Answer 18

1909

Question 19

aims of Labour exchanges act

Answer 19

offices were set up to provide a central place where jobs available could be offered to people looking for work

Question 20

how did Labour exchanges act affect public health?

Answer 20

nationwide
BUT
employers did not have to inform exchanges of vacancies and most jobs offered were temporary and did not resolve problems of long term unemployment

Question 21

when was the national insurance act (first)

Answer 21

1911

Question 22

aims of national insurance act

Answer 22

workers, employers and governments contributed toan insurance scheme to protect workers againts falling into poverty as a result of illness.

Question 23

how did the national insurance act affect public health?

Answer 23

compulsory
all workers in manual/poorly paid work hd to contribute around 10 mill men and 4 mill women to begin with.
however no provisions for workers family

Question 24

when was the second national insurance act implemented?

Answer 24

1912

Question 25

aims of second national insurance act

Answer 25

workers, employers + gov contributed to an insurance schemme to protect orkers form falling into poverty as a result of unemployment.

Question 26

how did the second national insurance act affect health?

Answer 26

only covered 2.25 mill people the most skilled men in trades with seasonal unemployment ie building and benifits were paid for just 15 weeks per year.

Question 27

when was the Pensions act

Answer 27

1908

Question 28

aims of Pensions act

Answer 28

gov paid weekly pensions to anyone over 70

Question 29

how did the Pensions act affect health

Answer 29

nationwide but not covering everyone over age of 70. pensions were means tested and were qualifications such as having worked, not been in prison

Question 30

who was David Loyd George

Answer 30

chancellor of the exchequer in 1909

Question 31

work of Booth and Rowntree

Answer 31

charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree researched the problem of poverty. They proved that poverty was not neccasarily the fault of the poor and that government help was needed in order to lift such people and their children out of it.

Question 32

the Boer War 1899-1902

Answer 32

there were reports (not wholly accurate) that 40-60% of volunteers had been turned down as physically unfit to serve. This left people worried in case a major war broke out and left Britain week.

Question 33

Economic competition

Answer 33

Britain had been the leading industrial power throught the 19th century but was now being overtaken by germany and the USA. it was believed this was due to their better educated and fitter workforces.

Question 34

development of the labour party

Answer 34

labour party began in 1900 and was in competition with the liberal party for working class votes. It pushed for major social reforms and the liberals had to adopt these policies.

Question 35

landslide victory of the liberal party

Answer 35

1906 libs won almost 400 seats in the 1906 general election. over twice as many as conservatives. as a result could push through the reforms they hoped would win over and keep working class voters.

Question 36

X rays

Answer 36

discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen discovery was an ACCIDENT he was an engineer and physicist rather than medical doctor x stands for unknown within 3 months of discovery machines were being manufactured within a year prussian, british, french and italian armies using x rays e.g italian soldiers injured in Abyssinian campaign (1896) had bullet gragments located using xrays in naples hospital british army used mobile x ray units in india from 1898.

Question 37

how did discovery of xrays change surgery

Answer 37

patients no longer had to be cut open to see inside body better understanding of the body and its ailments, progressive allowed for the development of radiotherapy an CT scans.

Question 38

why did xray technology spread so quickly

Answer 38

roentgen refused to patent the technology extremly succesful and high in demand due to war machines were mass produced.

Question 39

computer tomography - when

Answer 39

from 1970's onwards

Question 40

magnetic resonance imagery- when

Answer 40

1980's onwards

Question 41

how did MRI and CAT scans develop medicine?

Answer 41

tissue could now be seen- further understanding of the body surgeons could now see tissue as well as bone in 3d images

Question 42

who was awarded the 2003 noble prize for physiology

Answer 42

Raymond Damadian and paul lauterbur for developing MRI.

Question 43

how has blood transfusions impacted surgery

Answer 43

from early 20th century whole blood stockpiled in plastic pouches can be kept for use as needed. more peopel giving blood anticoagulants developed to keep blood fresh for longer 1940s doctors discovered how to make blood plasma making blood esier to store and transport.

Question 44

how did new types of surgery develop medicine

Answer 44

new types of surgery such as invasive transplant and keyhole using sterile equipment and more hygenic practices much less bloodloss as cuts are smaller less scarring quicker to heal transplants save lives 2014 181 heart transplants

Question 45

how did advances in understanding of science e.g dna develop surgery?

Answer 45

-1953 discovery of the structure of DNA - Human genome project 1990-2003 - researchers on DNA: James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin - awarded 1962 noble prize for medicine - enhanced surgeons understanding of how the body works and how to cure us -genetic engeneering - a negative cloning

Question 46

the Thomas splint

Answer 46

1914 80% of soldiers with broken femur died but by 1916 80% survived

Question 47

In what ways did 20th century wars change surgery?

Answer 47

-the establishment of casualty clearing stations and the system of triage - from 1915 ccc's were set up soldiers could be treated faster and so more likely to survive -motor ambulances and hospital trains - patients could be transported to hospitals faster and receive life saving operations faster. -mobile xray units - patients could be more acurately diagnosed without invasive surgery blood transfusions- more lives could be saved. discovery of blood types = more successful transfusions. new surgical techniques - skin graphs the queen alexandras imperial medical nursing service provided over 100,000 trained nurses

Question 48

william rivers

Question 49

harold gillies

Question 50

plastic surgery

Question 51

antibiotics

Question 52

developments of new forms of antibiotics

Answer 52

-kill microbes that cause infection ie staphylocci bacteria that caused septicaemia -1929 Fleming discovered penicillin but couldnt raise money to develop drug - 1937 Florey and chain began producing enough penicillin to start experimenting on humans in 1941 - ww2 provided the incentive to develop the drug and was used from 1943 on allied troops -after ww2 was used to treat many illness such as syphilis.

Question 53

vaccines ie MMR and polio

Answer 53

-new drugs to treat depression psychosis and hypertension - prevention mass inoculation campaigns

Question 54

contraceptive pills

Answer 54

-prevented unwanted pregnancies and abortions - invented in US in 1960 introduced in UK 1961 but only for married women up to 1969. extremely succesful

Question 55

alternative/holistic medicine

Answer 55

-hydrotherapy -aromatherapy -acupuncture -hypnotherapy -distrust of orthodox medicine as a result of the thalidomide case has caused increased interest in alternative/holistic medicine -based on herbs and pure treatments rather than using drug or chemicals

Question 56

IVF

Answer 56

-for infertility - Louise Brown became the world first test tube baby in 1978

Question 57

Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT)

Answer 57

mitochondrial donation could prevent mothers from transferring incurable genetic diseases to their children

Question 58

clean air acts

Answer 58

1956 and 1968 -encouraged people to chnage from coal to gas and electricity - passed to combat the killer smog of december 1952 when 12,000 people died in london from air pollution the fumes were trapped by an anticyclone over the city between 5th and 9th Dec 100,000 taken ill

Question 59

New towns and tower blocks

Answer 59

-healthier lifestyle - e.g Telford developed to get people to move out of dirty overcrowed areas to greener settings. housing was meant to be attractive and spacious with public parks pedestrian walkways and cycle routes by 2014 over 2.7 mill lived in new towns slums were cleared in old towns and cities exspansion of council housing replacement with modern tower blocks with central heating bathrooms and fitted kitchens

Question 60

public health campaigns

Answer 60

in 20th century govs invested in health education persuade people to live healthier lifetsyles