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modern medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

who was sir william beveridge?

A

economist who had been an adviser to loyd george

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2
Q

what was the beveridge report?

A

set out proposals to fight the 5 evils
- want
- disease
-ignorance
-squalor
-idleness
clement atlee and health secretary Nye Bevan implemented it.

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3
Q

when was the NHS fomed?

A

1948

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4
Q

what were the major changes to health care brought about by the formation of the national health service?

A

-reditributed surgeries/hospitals/healthcare centres across country ensuring deprived areas were covered
-made healthcare free at the point of need
-brought all services together so that an individual could be referred to specialist services after one visit to the gp.
-made preventative healthcare (midwives/district nurses ect) more available

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5
Q

when and why were some charges introduced to the NHS?

A

1952
the budget was under pressure

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6
Q

how did the 1st and second ww’s improve public health?

A

-british soldiers enjoyed a beter diet medical care and welfare during ww1 than they had as civilians - spread awareness of gravity of public health
- daily insections by plantoon officer and sergeant (looking for trench foot) - soldiers health better cared for
- almost 2 million newly disabled british ex-servicemen came home from battelfronts of ww1. attitudes had to change they were heroes who had sacrificed their bodies for the nation. helped break down stigma around disabled people and increase benifits.
- close of war government focused on national responsability to provide homes. Loyd George’s speech ‘homes fit for hereos’ leading to housing and town planning act of 1919.
-lots of evacuees were taken in and this made visible the extent of poor housing that people endured. caused shock and willingness to want to improve conditions. also this desire grew in politicians
-250,000 homes were totally setroyed nd 2 million other badly damged- clear need to provide housing for millions of people

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7
Q

when were free school meals implemented?

A

1906

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8
Q

what were the aims of implementing free school meals?

A

local councils given power to provide free school meals for children from poor backgrounds out of rates (council tax).

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9
Q

how did the implementation of free school meals affect public health?

A

+ve
158,000 children being fed by 1914.
BUT
permissive ledgislation councils did not have to provide this service

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10
Q

when were school medical inspections implemented?

A

1907

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11
Q

aims of implementing school medical inspections?

A

children got compulsory health checks in schools and doctors and nurses could reccomend treatement. seeing doctors at time cost money so helped.

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12
Q

how did school medical inspections affect public health?

A

children health problems could be spotted in this check but parents had to pay for treatement which was not always possible.

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13
Q

when was the children’s act?

A

1908

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14
Q

aims of childrens act

A

childrens charter laid down childrens rights children were protected fro their own parents up to the age of 14. made it illegal to sell alcohol, tobacco or fireworks to children.

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15
Q

how did the childrens act affect public health

A

act applied to all children in country but enforcing it was problematic
child abuse was not eliminated
children still manged to get alcohol and drugs as not policed carefully enough

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16
Q

when were school clinics implemented

A

1912

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17
Q

aims of school clinics

A

provide free medical treatement for children
most local councils doing this by 1914

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18
Q

when was the Labour exchanges act made?

A

1909

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19
Q

aims of Labour exchanges act

A

offices were set up to provide a central place where jobs available could be offered to people looking for work

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20
Q

how did Labour exchanges act affect public health?

A

nationwide
BUT
employers did not have to inform exchanges of vacancies and most jobs offered were temporary and did not resolve problems of long term unemployment

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21
Q

when was the national insurance act (first)

A

1911

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22
Q

aims of national insurance act

A

workers, employers and governments contributed toan insurance scheme to protect workers againts falling into poverty as a result of illness.

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23
Q

how did the national insurance act affect public health?

A

compulsory
all workers in manual/poorly paid work hd to contribute around 10 mill men and 4 mill women to begin with.
however no provisions for workers family

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24
Q

when was the second national insurance act implemented?

A

1912

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25
Q

aims of second national insurance act

A

workers, employers + gov contributed to an insurance schemme to protect orkers form falling into poverty as a result of unemployment.

26
Q

how did the second national insurance act affect health?

A

only covered 2.25 mill people the most skilled men in trades with seasonal unemployment ie building and benifits were paid for just 15 weeks per year.

27
Q

when was the Pensions act

A

1908

28
Q

aims of Pensions act

A

gov paid weekly pensions to anyone over 70

29
Q

how did the Pensions act affect health

A

nationwide but not covering everyone over age of 70.
pensions were means tested and were qualifications such as having worked, not been in prison

30
Q

who was David Loyd George

A

chancellor of the exchequer in 1909

31
Q

work of Booth and Rowntree

A

charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree researched the problem of poverty. They proved that poverty was not neccasarily the fault of the poor and that government help was needed in order to lift such people and their children out of it.

32
Q

the Boer War 1899-1902

A

there were reports (not wholly accurate) that 40-60% of volunteers had been turned down as physically unfit to serve. This left people worried in case a major war broke out and left Britain week.

33
Q

Economic competition

A

Britain had been the leading industrial power throught the 19th century but was now being overtaken by germany and the USA. it was believed this was due to their better educated and fitter workforces.

34
Q

development of the labour party

A

labour party began in 1900 and was in competition with the liberal party for working class votes. It pushed for major social reforms and the liberals had to adopt these policies.

35
Q

landslide victory of the liberal party

A

1906
libs won almost 400 seats in the 1906 general election. over twice as many as conservatives. as a result could push through the reforms they hoped would win over and keep working class voters.

36
Q

X rays

A

discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen
discovery was an ACCIDENT he was an engineer and physicist rather than medical doctor
x stands for unknown
within 3 months of discovery machines were being manufactured
within a year prussian, british, french and italian armies using x rays
e.g italian soldiers injured in Abyssinian campaign (1896) had bullet gragments located using xrays in naples hospital
british army used mobile x ray units in india from 1898.

37
Q

how did discovery of xrays change surgery

A

patients no longer had to be cut open to see inside body
better understanding of the body and its ailments, progressive allowed for the development of radiotherapy an CT scans.

38
Q

why did xray technology spread so quickly

A

roentgen refused to patent the technology
extremly succesful and high in demand due to war
machines were mass produced.

39
Q

computer tomography - when

A

from 1970’s onwards

40
Q

magnetic resonance imagery- when

A

1980’s onwards

41
Q

how did MRI and CAT scans develop medicine?

A

tissue could now be seen- further understanding of the body
surgeons could now see tissue as well as bone in 3d images

42
Q

who was awarded the 2003 noble prize for physiology

A

Raymond Damadian and paul lauterbur for developing MRI.

43
Q

how has blood transfusions impacted surgery

A

from early 20th century
whole blood stockpiled in plastic pouches can be kept for use as needed.
more peopel giving blood
anticoagulants developed to keep blood fresh for longer
1940s doctors discovered how to make blood plasma making blood esier to store and transport.

44
Q

how did new types of surgery develop medicine

A

new types of surgery such as invasive transplant and keyhole
using sterile equipment and more hygenic practices
much less bloodloss as cuts are smaller
less scarring quicker to heal
transplants save lives 2014 181 heart transplants

45
Q

how did advances in understanding of science e.g dna develop surgery?

A

-1953 discovery of the structure of DNA
- Human genome project 1990-2003
- researchers on DNA: James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
- awarded 1962 noble prize for medicine
- enhanced surgeons understanding of how the body works and how to cure us
-genetic engeneering - a negative cloning

46
Q

the Thomas splint

A

1914 80% of soldiers with broken femur died but by 1916 80% survived

47
Q

In what ways did 20th century wars change surgery?

A

-the establishment of casualty clearing stations and the system of triage - from 1915 ccc’s were set up soldiers could be treated faster and so more likely to survive

-motor ambulances and hospital trains - patients could be transported to hospitals faster and receive life saving operations faster.

-mobile xray units - patients could be more acurately diagnosed without invasive surgery

blood transfusions- more lives could be saved. discovery of blood types = more successful transfusions.

new surgical techniques - skin graphs

the queen alexandras imperial medical nursing service provided over 100,000 trained nurses

48
Q

william rivers

A
49
Q

harold gillies

A
50
Q

plastic surgery

A
51
Q

antibiotics

A
52
Q

developments of new forms of antibiotics

A

-kill microbes that cause infection ie staphylocci bacteria that caused septicaemia
-1929 Fleming discovered penicillin but couldnt raise money to develop drug
- 1937 Florey and chain began producing enough penicillin to start experimenting on humans in 1941
- ww2 provided the incentive to develop the drug and was used from 1943 on allied troops
-after ww2 was used to treat many illness such as syphilis.

53
Q

vaccines ie MMR and polio

A

-new drugs to treat depression psychosis and hypertension
- prevention mass inoculation campaigns

54
Q

contraceptive pills

A

-prevented unwanted pregnancies and abortions
- invented in US in 1960 introduced in UK 1961 but only for married women up to 1969.
extremely succesful

55
Q

alternative/holistic medicine

A

-hydrotherapy
-aromatherapy
-acupuncture
-hypnotherapy
-distrust of orthodox medicine as a result of the thalidomide case has caused increased interest in alternative/holistic medicine
-based on herbs and pure treatments rather than using drug or chemicals

56
Q

IVF

A

-for infertility
- Louise Brown became the world first test tube baby in 1978

57
Q

Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT)

A

mitochondrial donation could prevent mothers from transferring incurable genetic diseases to their children

58
Q

clean air acts

A

1956 and 1968
-encouraged people to chnage from coal to gas and electricity
- passed to combat the killer smog of december 1952 when 12,000 people died in london from air pollution
the fumes were trapped by an anticyclone over the city between 5th and 9th Dec
100,000 taken ill

59
Q

New towns and tower blocks

A

-healthier lifestyle
- e.g Telford
developed to get people to move out of dirty overcrowed areas to greener settings. housing was meant to be attractive and spacious with public parks pedestrian walkways and cycle routes
by 2014 over 2.7 mill lived in new towns slums were cleared in old towns and cities
exspansion of council housing
replacement with modern tower blocks with central heating bathrooms and fitted kitchens

60
Q

public health campaigns

A

in 20th century govs invested in health education
persuade people to live healthier lifetsyles

History (11 decks)

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