cold war

Question 1

What were the origins of the cold war?

Answer 1

mutual suspicion
and the breakdown of the grand alliance

Question 2

what was the mutual suspicion that lead to the cold war?

Answer 2

Stalin remembered that the western allies had intervened in the civil war in 1918-9 (Bolshevik revolution) and he suspected that they had encouraged Hitler in the 1930’s.
Britain and France had turned down an offer of an alliance with the soviet union in 1938
during the war the soviet people suffered terribly, 26,000.000 died altogether. This made Stalin determined that this should never happen again, hence the reason he was so keen to keep a soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.
The allies had delayed invading France with a second front until 1944. This made Stalin very suspicious of the west. He believed that they had wanted the soviet union to destroy itself fighting Germany on its own.

Question 3

What was the Grand alliance?

Answer 3

set up in 1941 to defeat the Nazis
consisted of Britain, USA and USSR (Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin)
However the alliance between the capitalists and the communists was purely to defeat the Nazis so is referred to as a “marriage of convenience”
Once Hitler had been defeated the “marriage” became strained as the two opposing ideologies clashed
The leaders of the super powers wanted each other to recognise “spheres of influence”
Between 1943-1945 leaders of the grand alliance made at 3 conferences: Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam

Question 4

What happened at the Tehran conference?

Answer 4

1943
Stalin was annoyed that Britain and the USA delayed opening a second front in the war. Stalin was convinced that the West wanted the communist USSR to suffer against the nazis.
The big 3 agreed that the soviet union would have a sphere of influence in eastern europe which would gaurantee that the ussr did not feel threatened by any of its neighbouring countries.
big 3 agreed that a second front should be opened in the west to attack the Nazis and spilt their defences , and so would relieve pressure on the red army fighting in the east. But this didn’t happen until 1944(the Normandy landings).

Question 5

What happened at the Yalta conference?

Answer 5

Germany would be reduced in size, demilitarised, have to pay reparation(in the form of goods and raw materials)
Grand alliance agreed to Germany being divided into 4 zones each one occupied by one of the 4 allies
The Nazi party would be banned and war criminals tried
Un would be set up to replace the league of nations as an organisation committed to peace.
The Ussr would declare war on Japan 3 months after defeat of germany.
The declaration of a liberated europe was agreed to work for a democracy in europe. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the countries of eastern europe which had been occupied by the soviet army for example poland.
the big 3 restated their agreement that the ussr should have a sphere of influence in the east.

Question 6

Who replaced roosevelt?

Answer 6

Harry Truman

Question 7

What happened at the potsdam conference?

Answer 7

july 1945
set up a council of foreign ministers to organise the rebuilding of Europe.
Germany was divided into 4 zones (France, Britain, USA,USSR)
Berlin was divided into 4 sectors
size of germany reduced
Nazi party would be dissolved. War criminals would be tried and punished in the Nuremburg trials.
USSR could have a quarter of industrial equipment from other 3 zones as soviet zone was less developed. In return USSR would provide other zones with raw materials e.g coal.

Question 8

What disagreements were there at Potsdam?

Answer 8

Truman and Atlee had replaced Roosevelt and Churchill and so the personal trust and relationships build at last conference was lost.
The big 3 no longer had a common enemy
Truman tested the first atomic bomb without Stalin’s knowledge
Harry Truman tried to force the USSR to allow free elections in Eastern Europe and said that he wanted to get “tough with russia”
Allies could not agree on reparations. USSR wanted to impose heavy repartions but America wanted to rebuild germany.
By Potsdam conference stalin had broken his promise to allow free elections in Europe.

Question 9

What was the iron curtain?

Answer 9

The term Iron Curtain was a metaphorical curtain to describe the clear division between east and west Europe.

Question 10

What were the secret telegrams?

Answer 10

Truman and Stalin were concerned about breakdown of grand alliance and grew increasingly suspicious of one another and asked their ambassadrs from their embassies to help them understand their opponents more and these reports were sent as telegrams. Consequences: following telegrams both governments feared they were facing war.

Question 11

what did The Long telegram state?

Answer 11

America’s ambassador George Kennan reported that:
Stalin had given a speech calling for the destruction of capitalism.
There could be no peace between the two countries whilst the USSR opposed capitalism.
The USSR was building up its military power.

Question 12

What did Novikov’s telegram state?

Answer 12

Soviet ambassador Nikolai Novikov reported that:
USA was determined to rule the world
Following Roosevelts death the American government was no longer interested in the co-operation with USSR. The american public was being prepared for war with USSR.

Question 13

Prague spring
Why was Czechoslovakia one of the most important countries in the Warsaw pact?

Answer 13

It was in the centre of eastern europe and it had the most developed industry.

Question 14

prague spring
what did Dubcek want to create?

Answer 14

socialism with a human face however he promised breshnev that he would not try to leave the warsaw pact.

Question 15

prague spring
what did dubcek do?

Answer 15

he reduced censorship and reduced the role of the secret police. Which lead to increasing criticism of communism by people in czechoslovakia. communist leaders were questioned in newspapers and on tv. Market socialism- the reintroduction of capitalist elements into czech economy. By the summer there were plans to allow another political party the social democratic party to oppose the communists in elections.

Question 16

prague spring
how did the soviet union react?

Answer 16

The leaders of the warsaw pact countries put pressure on Brezhnev to stop the cahnges taking place in Czechoslovakia. Soviet troops threatened czechoslovakia by performing training exercises on the border. USSR considered taking economic action against czechoslovakia such as cancelling wheat supplies.In july at a meeting of all the warsaw pact countries the other leaders called up C to maintain stability. Dubcek agreed not to allows SDP but kept on with other reforms. On 20th august without warning soviet tanks moved into czechoslovakia. There was no fighting or armed resistance.

Question 17

prague spring
What happened to Dubcek?

Answer 17

He was removed from power and demoted to an ambassador to turkey then to being in charge of a lumber yard. All images of him as a leader were censored.

Question 18

What was the Brezhnev doctrine?

Answer 18

1968Communist countries had to remain one party systems
They had to stay in the Warsaw pact.

Question 19

in the decrease in tension between USA-USSR in 1968-1979 what were the 3 main causes?

Answer 19

-the 1962 cuban missile crisis bought the world to the brink of nuclear war
- the ussr was spending 20% of budger on weapons and US was spending so much on the vietnam war it could not afford to improve life for the poor
- the USSR fell out with china and wanted to be friendly with US as it could not have 2 major enemies.

Question 20

detente
when and what was the outer space treaty?

Answer 20

1967
- pledged no nuclear weapons to be put in space

Question 21

detente
what agreement was made in 1968?

Answer 21

that neither superpower would supply nuclear weapons to other (countries?)

Question 22

detente
1972 strategic arms limitation treaty I (SALT)

Answer 22

limited the building of mid range missiles for 5 years. no further production of short range, light missiles. significant because this was the first time an agreement was made to limit nuclear weapons.

Question 23

detente
1975 apollo soyuz mission

Answer 23

joint space mission where both superpower space crafts docked together in space.

Question 24

detente
Helenski agreement (1975)

Answer 24

agrrements made about security, cooperation and human rights
security: all country borders accepted therfore East and West Germany accepted each others existence for first time. All disputes were to be resolved with UN not violence, countries would inform each other about big military manoeuvres and no country would interfere in the foreign affairs of other countries.
co-operation: agreed that there should be better co-operation in trade, industry science and education.
Human rights: countries including USSR should have human rights, including freedom of speech movement religion and information.

Question 25

SALT II

Answer 25

would have limited the no. of long range missiles but was never signed.

Question 26

three main consequences of detente?

Answer 26

cultural links between USA and USSR- orchestras and sports teams visited each other trade between US and USSR with $4.5bn of grain going to USSR co-operation between superpowers in space (Apollo-Soyux mission 1975)

Question 27

prague spring what were the effects of the invasion of czechoslovakia?

Answer 27

1)returned to communist control, russian troops were stationed there and directors of many firms (especially publishing companies) were sacked + 47 anti-communist arrested. 2) Russia stayed in control behind iron curtain 3) Increase of cold war. West was horrified + many communist countries (e.g Romania and yugoslavia) who then became closer to china. America publicly condemned the invasion but no military support.

Question 28

What are 3 causes of the prague spring?

Answer 28

1) Long term anger at communist rule a) Czechoslovakia was a satellite state and in the warsaw pact b)The economy was struggling and there were no free elections and the state was run by seceret police. Standard of living low for czech people. 2) Dubcek becomes leader a) former president unpopular Novotony fell form power and on 5 january 1968 Alexander Dubcek- a reformer took over. b) policy of detente encouraged the uprising. Romania had also broken free of russian control and was improving relations with west. 3) socialism with a human face a) april 1968, dubcek government announced an action plan for what it called a new model of socialism it removes stake controls over industry that allowed freedom of speech dubject aim to remove the repressive elements of communist rule b) dubcek was committed communist who was very friendly with breshnev at first until he made too many reforms.

Question 29

Why was there an arms race?

Answer 29

Strategic superiority by developing new and more powerful weapons and having weapons more weapons in the enemy Costs both sides need to cut Arms costs and given the destruction they cause nuclear weapons were cheaper to produce than conventional weapons Deterrence the aim was not to launch them at each other but to deter the Other Side from doing so each wanted enough nuclear weapons to survivor First Strike so the enemy would not dare strike first and fear of retaliation.

Question 30

What was MAD?

Answer 30

Mutually Assured Destruction

Question 31

Cuban missile crises 3 reasons for crises?

Answer 31

1.in 1959 Fidel Castro seized power of Cuba until then cuba had been under U.S influence and many companies had invested heavily in the country Castro Vowed to become more independent of America cuba's main export was sugar the economy relied on this export to survive and in response to Castro becoming leader and nationalising American businesses America decreased their sugar purchases by 95% crippling the Cuban economy the USSR was keen to extend its fear of influence into the Western hemisphere and promised to buy one million tons of sugar per year from Cuba this tied the two countries closely together 2) arms America was much stronger in terms of nuclear weapons in the USSR having over 20 times more the USSR still did not have intercontinent capabilities without these they could not attack the US mainland the USSR hope that by putting missiles onto Cuba that they would hold the trump card and be able to force America into decisions for example over berlin USA had missile bases in Turkey which gave strategic superiority in terms of lodging attacks the USSR wanted to even this up 3) pigs in April 1961 the CIA supported an attempted invasion of Cuba by anti Castro Cuban exiles the Bay of Pigs it failed miserably greatly embarrassing Kennedy Castro believed that he needed more protection from USA attack he asked Russia for weapons to defend against America on 14th October 1962 an American U2 spy plane took pictures of nuclear missile base being bought built on Cuba this meant that all us missile defense systems when now useless

Question 32

cuban missile crisis key feuatures:

Answer 32

On the 25th of September 1962 Kruschev sent 114 Soviet ships to Cuba from 16th October Kennedy spent one week asking his defense Chiefs for possible reactions he decided on a blockade this came into effect on 24 October after Kennedy gave Kruschev warning 180 ships were used including a fleet of nuclear submarines ships sailing to Cuba slowed down and even began to sail in circles Kruschev sent two letters one in public was defiant the second offered a compromise the missile sites would be destroyed if the USA guaranteed to leave Cuba alone Kennedy agreed to Kruschev's offer the blockage was removed the sites were destroyed and cuba's left alone in secret meeting between Kennedy and Soviet ambassador the US government agreed that U.S missiles would be removed from Turkey however as these were in a NATO force it could not be announced immediately they were removed three months later

Question 33

what are 3 consequences of the cuban missile crisis?

Answer 33

1. Propaganda Turkey agreement was not very public so appeared to the world as if USSR had backed down. JFK won an important propaganda victory. In 1964 Kruschev was forced to resign and was replaced with breshnev. Many historians believe that he had lost a lot of prestige 2. better communication in 1963 the hot line was set up. This was a direct tele-printer between kremlin and the white house 3. Detente JFK realised he had to make a stand. Khrushchev realised he had gone to far. neither prepared for nuclear war and so focused superpowers minds on their responsibilities. in august 1963 superpowers signed the test ban treaty. banned all above ground nuclear tests and to stay in force forever.

Question 34

What was the battle of the pigs?

Answer 34

April 1961 CIA supported an attempted invasion of cuba by anti-castro cuban exiles at the bay of pigs however failed miserably and was a great embarrassment to Kennedy. Left castro feeling he needed more protection and asking russia for weapons to defend against USA. 14 October 1962 an american U2 spy plane took pictures of a nuclear missile base being built on cuba. - all us missile defence systems now useless.

Question 35

How did the USA react to the Berlin wall?

Answer 35

- JFK ordered 3 increases in the US defense budget in next 2 years - JFK siad that "its not a very nice solution but its better than a war" - he went to berlin and made a speech to west Berliner's "Ich bin ein Berliner" to show he was sharing their difficulties

Question 36

What was the impact of the Berlin wall?

Answer 36

1.stopped east Berliners fleeing to west and ended refugee crisis 2. Alllowed Krushchev to avoid war with USA and still appear strong 3. became powerful symbol of divison in Europe and between different ideologies 4. wall remained in place until 1990 and more than 300 people were killed trying to cross it.

Question 37

Why did Kruschev order the builiding of Berlin wall?

Answer 37

August 1961 he believed he could get away with it as JFK had been made to look foolish over bay of Pigs USSR could not afford war and USA were 20x more powerful with nuclear weapons BUT he had to stop the regugee crisis

Question 38

What did Kruschev declare about Berlin in 1958?

Answer 38

that the whole of Berlin belonged to USSR and that the USA removed their troops. The USA refued and four meetings were set up to discuss the future of Berlin. (Geneva, Camp David, Paris, Vienna)

Question 39

Berlin wall what happened at the Geneva 1959 conference?

Answer 39

foreign ambassadors were able to speak face to face aboutthe problems. All agreed to have the Presidents meet no solutions were agreed but it was planned that the Presidents would meet together later in the year

Question 40

Berlin Wall What happened at the 1959 Camp david conference?

Answer 40

meeting was held at the presidential retreat in the USA. The 2 leaders spoke honestly and this was good process No solutions were agreed but promised to meet again next year

Question 41

Berlin Wall What happened at the 1960 Paris conference?

Answer 41

meeting was ruined by the shooting down of the U2 spy plane. Kruschev refused to take part in talks until US apoligised and cancelled all future spy flights. Presdient Eisenhower agreed to cancel flights but refused to apologise- so Khrushchev went home and summit collapsed Eisenhower's planned visit to Russia cancelled and Russia grew in confidence.

Question 42

Berlin Wall What happened at the vienna 1961 conference?

Answer 42

Kruschev saw the new president JFK a someone young and inexperienced - someone who could be bullied. Again demanded that the Americans leave West Berlin within 6 months - JFK refused and on 25 july increased America's spending on weapons by £3.2 billion - 13 august Khrushchev closed border between east and west berlin and built an wall.

Question 43

What are 4 short term causes for the Berlin crisis?

Answer 43

1. East Germany was very unpopular 2.7 mil citizens fled between 1949-1961 to west. on average 20-25,000 each month 2. most of refugees were skilled workers (e.g doctors, engineers) that the Communist bloc could not afford to lose as it tried to modernise industry and agriculture 3. Berlin was centre of problem as it was easy for east Germans to get into west 4. It was very bad propaganda for USSR as it made them look weak and capitalism look more successful and popular

Question 44

What were the outcomes of the hungarian uprising ?

Answer 44

- Nagy was executed - USA gave $20m of food and medical aid but NO military support - Event proved that Khrushchev would not let eastern bloc disintergrate and Khrushchev thought USA would not intervene again - 200,000 fled to the west

Question 44

Why was Berlin a long term problem?

Answer 44

1.German had been split after WW2 but USA refused to recognise east germany and USSR west germany 2. Berlin was a major problem as located in east but half of it (west) was under american control and USSr hated having capitalist influence in their "sphere" 3. was seen as many as the last outpost of capitalism

Question 44

What are the causes for the Hungarian uprising? 6 reasons

Answer 44

1) Conform lead an oppressive regime in Hungary - reign of terror executing popular political leaders 2) Hungarian land was redistributed to other European countries 3) Hungarian coal,oil and wheat were shipped to Russia whilst Hungarian citizens were deprived of food. 4) the Hungarian people were unhappy with communist education and the lack of freedom of religion. 5) non communist political parties were abolished and Russian officials controlled the government, the police and the army. 6) Rakoski was dictator from 49-56 nicknamed the ‘bald butcher’ and developed ‘salami tactics’

Question 44

What are the key features of the Hungarian uprising?

Answer 44

After riots (lead by students) over bad harvest, food and fuel shortages, asking for reforms. Workers across the country also rioted and Nagy was made prime minister. Nagy was more democratic and asked the UN for protection Nagy proposed that Hungary held free elections and LEAVE the WARSAW pact.

Question 45

What were the outcomes of the Hungarian uprising?

Answer 45

1) Nagy was executed 2) USA gave $20 m of food and medical aid but NO military support. 3) the event proved that Khrushchev would not let Eastern block disintegrate and thought that the US would not intervene in eastern bloc again. 4) 200,000 fled to the west

Question 46

When was the Hungarian uprising?

Answer 46

1956

Question 47

When did Joseph Stalin die and who succeeded him?

Answer 47

1953 and Nikita Khrushchev

Question 48

When and why was the Warsaw pact set up?

Answer 48

1955 in response to west Germany joining NATO. Was an attempt to join Eastern European countries together and showed Soviet unions fear of invasion through western Germany.

Question 49

Who were the members of the Warsaw pact?

Answer 49

Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and East Germany

Question 50

What were the effects of Warsaw pact?

Answer 50

1) created a joint command of the armed forces of the alliance. 2) set up a political committee to co-ordinate the foreign policies of the members It increased USSR influence and lead to more soviet troops being stationed in Warsaw pact countries.

Question 51

How important was the Warsaw pact?

Answer 51

Its forces outnumbered the west and an invasion through northern Germany always seemed very likely. BUT Support of the pact was financially ruinous and import factor in the bankruptcy and collapse of Soviet Union in 1991.

Question 52

East and West Germany names

Answer 52

After Berlin blockade allies renamed west Germany Federal Republic of Germany. East Germany was named the German Democratic Republic

Question 53

Who had what and when in the arms race?

Answer 53

1945 US atomic bomb 1949 Soviet atomic bomb 1952 US hydrogen bomb 1953 Soviet hydrogen bomb 1957 first Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile During the 50s and 60s the 2 Speer powers competed to have large numbers of nuclear weapons.

Question 54

What is NATO and when was it set up?

Answer 54

1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Was between America and other Western European countries. Meant that if any country came under attack all members of NATO would come to their Defense.

Question 55

What was the formation of NATO a sign of?

Answer 55

That relations between superpowers were now so bad that some form of military alliance was necessary.

Question 56

What were the causes of the Berlin blockade? CABAN

Answer 56

C) Cold war was just getting started A) Aims - Stalin wanted to weaken Germany / Britain and America wanted to rebeuild Germany B) Bi-zonia - Jan 1947 Britain and Us joined zones to try and get German industry going A) American aid - congress voted for Marshall aid in march 1948. Immediately Russians started searching all road and rail traffic into Berlin. N) New currency - introduced a new currency into the bizonia call the Deutschmark. The Russians stopped all road and rail traffic into Berlin

Question 57

What were the consequences of the Berlin Blockade? CENA

Answer 57

C) Cold war got worse Almost started an all out war. However USA’s peaceful response was a propaganda success. E) East and west Germany split up May 1945 America Britain and France united their zones. Into FDR. In October in 1949 Stalin set up GDR. N) NATO and Warsaw pact 1949 NATO pact set up as Defense against Russia. 1955 Warsaw pact set up to unify communist countries. A) Arms race Superpowers realised that they were in a competition for world domination and began building up armies and weapons.

Question 58

When did the Berlin blockade end?

Answer 58

May 1949

Question 59

When did the Berlin blockade start?

Answer 59

June 1948a

Question 60

What happened during the Berlin blockade?

Answer 60

Stalin ordered closing of all rail, road and canal routes into West Berlin - blocking supplies. So western allies airlifted upplies into Berlin for ten and a half months. 1 plane landed in Berlin every 90 secs. 32,000 flights made altogether and 79 pilots died. Stalin had hope that if he cut off West Berlin then a divided Germany would fail. Allies believed that if they let Stalin have West Berlin he would behave as Hitter did and take over more and more countries.

Question 60

What was Cominform?

Answer 60

The Communist Information Beareu (1947) International organisation that brought communist countries under direction of USSR. Ensured loyalty. All satellite Satzes were members and French + Italian communist parties represented. Cominform members expected to trade primarily with other members and contacts with non communist countries were discouraged. Those not loyal to Stalin were investigated and removed.

Question 61

why was Yugoslavia not a part of Cominform ?

Answer 61

Yugoslavia objected and was expelled

Question 62

What was a satellite state?

Answer 62

A country/ state which is officially independent but in reality controlled by another

Question 63

How were the satellite states controlled?

Answer 63

Atmosphere of fear and mistrust - secrete police used to stop any opposition and loyal communists put in charge of states.

Question 64

How did Stalin describe the Marshal plan?

Answer 64

‘Dollar imperialism’ Americans trying to buy over Europe and countr6 accepting money would become American ally.

Question 64

What was Marshall aid?

Answer 64

Started by President Truman it was money that European countries could take to recover from the w at however it had its catches.

Question 65

What catches were there with Marshall aid?

Answer 65

If you took Marshall aid countries would have to join th Organisation for European Economic Co-operation Marshall plan could c Ontario how money would be spent Meant that USA could influence countries of east and undermine communism (hoped)

Question 66

What was Comecon?

Answer 66

Soviet version of Marshall aid The Council for Mutaul Economic Assistance. started jan 25 1949. Aid was offered to communist countries to help recover from war.

Question 67

In 1958 what did China, Nirth Korea, North Vietnam and Mongolia agree to?

Answer 67

To intergrate economies with Comecon and in 1964 International Bank of Economic Collaboration established.

Question 68

What were the downfalls of Comecon.

Answer 68

Not as strong as US bank and was a major economical strain on resources and helped bring about downfall of Soviet Union in 1980’s.

Question 69

3 reasons why Truman doctrine was important

Answer 69

1) suggested that America not UN had responsibility to protect world 2) marked end of isolationism (America’s traditional policy towards international affairs) 3) divided the world based on ideology, capitalism and communism clearly in opposition

Question 70

What did the truman doctrine state?

Answer 70

World had a choice between communist tyranny and democratic freedom America had a responsibility to fight for liberty where it was threatened America would send in troops and resources to help governments threatened by communists Communism should not be able to grow and gain territory

Question 71

Context behind Truman doctrine

Answer 71

Feb 1947 Britain informed US that it could no longer afford to support Greek government against communist rebels. US offered $400 mil and took opportunity to extend offer of aid.

Question 73

What were the first four stages of the space race?

Answer 73

1995- president Eisenhower committed the USA to building a satellite. This marked the beginning of the US space program October 1957 Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, orbited the earth. This frightened many people in the USA since it suggested that the USSR could send missiles to attack them. November 1957 - Sputnik 2 orbited the earth on a mission that lasted 5 months. This larger satellite was big enough to carry a dog, Laika. it did not return to earth. January 1958 The USA sent its first satellite into space. Explorer 1 remained in space until 1970.

Question 74

What were the last five stages of the space race?

Answer 74

July 1958 establishment of NASA. A civilian organisation, not a military one, committed to peaceful research. April 1961 Yuri Gagarin became the first human to go into space. Gagarin died in a plane crash in 1968 May 1961 President Kennedy committed the USA to sending a man to the moon before the end of 1960’s. This marked the beginning of Apollo missions January 1962 John Glenn be a,e the first US astronaut orbiting the earth 3 times. Later became a US senator July 1969- Apollo 11 landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon. Marked the effective end of space race.

Question 75

How did the space race lead to increasing tensions during the Cold War?

Answer 75

Rocket Technology- Rockets could be used for missiles. (Both sides used German scientists from the Second World War) Status- way for both sides to show technological powers and scientific edge and to show their younger people that they were better/braver etc Secrecy- especially on soviet side meant there was uncertainty as to what was actually happening Leadership - space race was a way of influencing non aligned countries such as India or other formal colonial possessions to support either USA or USSR.

Question 76

How did china becoming communist affect the Cold War?

Answer 76

After a civil war communist leader Mao Zedong became leader of china in 1949. It came as a surprise to many outside of china as foreign policy was more focused on Europe and USSR. It was a blow to the USA as they had supported the nationalists (the opponents) financially. Led to balance of power between communism and capitalism changing in USSR’s favour. In Us was a perception that that they were failing in their policy of containing communism. Events in china led to many Americans believing that there were communist spies in the USA! Thus threat to USA and led to the Red scare and anti communist witch hunt lead by Senator Joseph McCarthy.

Question 77

What happened in the Korean War?

Answer 77

After end of www Japanese e lost occupation of Korea to USSR in north a nd US in south. By 19r8 it had become 2 separate countries split by 38th parallel. North communist south anti communist. War started when north invaded south. South appealed to UN for help and because USSR boycotted meeting over china not being recognised as a government aid was voted in for south. This lead to countries sending aid under name of UN troops. The soviet helped the North. There was direct conflict between American and USSR troops but did not lead to WW3 because of fear of nuclear war and a stalemate which lead to Chinese retreating to north of border.

Question 78

What was the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War?

Answer 78

Increased tensions between east and west as they indirectly fought each other.

Question 79

What was the significance of events in Vietnam 1945-1954

Answer 79

France ruled Vietnam as a colony but there was a civil war led by communist Guerilla group the Vietcong lead by Ho Chi Minh. The USA provided financial aid to France. France tried to regain control of Vietnam and its other colonies, Laos and Cambodia. After heavy losses forced to accept the loss of all 3 at Geneva conference in 1954. Leaving Vietnam like Korea and Germany split in 2. The north was lead by Ho Chi Minh whilst south leader supported by USa. This situation lead to the Vietnam war in 1960’s. This increased tension and hatred towards communism .

Question 80

what were the aims of Clement Atlee?

Answer 80

leader of labour party wanted to have good relations with stalin but was anti-communist and democrat so wanted a europe where free elections and freedom of speech were granted.

Question 81

what were winston Churchills aims?

Answer 81

leader of conservative party came to power in 1940. determined to fight Nazi tyranny. wanted freedom of Poland. was 3/4 american and so had close ties to america but wanted to see Britain retain its great power status after the war.

Question 82

what were Roosevelts aims?

Answer 82

committed to the 4 freedoms( speech, conscience, from want and from fear). commited democrat and unconfortable with any country having too much power. died 5 months after 4th election in 1944.

Question 83

what were Stalin's aims?

Answer 83

dictator of soviet union had been one of the leaders of the communist party in the 1917 revolution. wnated to regain russian influence and territory, create a buffer zone between east and west. and receive compensation for its losses in the war.

Question 84

what were Harry Truman's aims?

Answer 84

more anti-communist than Roosevelt. believed communism posed a threat to the free world. thought USA had a responsability to lead resistance against soviet aggresion. commited to free speech and elections. was goin for election in 1948 and needed to keep support of voting grouos like Jewish Americans.

Question 85

Capitalism

Answer 85

an economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society. The essential feature of capitalism is the motive to make a profit.

Question 86

communism

Answer 86

a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs.

Question 87

The atomic bomb on Japan

Answer 87

on 16th july 1945 USA carried out first succesful test of atomic bomb day before postdam conference started. caused tension s USA had not told USSR about it. after Japan refused to surrender the USA dropped the first atomic weapon on Hiroshima on august 1945 and the second on Nagasaki on 9th august. hiroshima bomb: at least 75,000 killed instantly and thousnads more from radiation poisoning.

Question 88

The arms race

Answer 88

1942- British and US teams pooled research on nuclear weapons under the Manhattan project 1945- A bombs dropped on Japan (fission weapons) 1949- USSR exploded its first A bomb 1950-53 : USA and USSR confronted each other in Korean war, fear war could spill over into larger war, both side rushed to develop weapons 1951- USA developed policy of constant readiness. identifies 6,000 target in USSR to hit in case of war. Nov 1952- USA detonates 1st H bomb (fusion, much more powerful x1000) august 1953- USSR detonates H bomb Mar 1954- usa develops H bomb small enough to be dropped from bomber sep 1954 USSR drops a test H-bomb from bomber soviet Bison and Bear bombers could reach US cities, meant USSR could target places in America, President Eisenhower ordered the development of new larger B-52 bombers USSR flew its Bison bombers pass US observers several times to exagerate numbers, Eisenhowever suspected the evidence of a 'bomber gap' being exaggerated, ordered development of high altitude secret U-2 spy planes.

Question 89

who was Paul Nitze?

Answer 89

principal author of NSC-68, his ideas shaped US policy towards USSR for 40 years.

Question 90

who was Andrei Sakharov?

Answer 90

theoretical physicist, developer of USSR's 1st hydrogen bomb

Question 91

who was Curtis Lemay

Answer 91

strategic airforce commander, oversaw develoment of force able to launch nuclear war against USSR

Question 92

Destalinisation and the thaw

Answer 92

- Stalin died in 1953 march 3, replaced by Krushchev in 1955 who was different to Stalin - his approach seemed to bring about a thaw in relations between superpowers. - talked of peaceful coexistance with west - planned to reduce spending on arms - attended the first post ww2 summit between USA, USSR, France and Britain in 1955 - relaxed control of the USSR over eastern europe - pulled soviet troops out of Austria where they had been stationed since 1945 - looked like countries tries of eastern Europe would be allowed more independence - 1956 Kruschev gave a speech where he made an attack on Stalin and criticised the Purges - began De-Stalinisation - reforms, releasing political prisoners, closing Coniform, inviting Tito to Moscow and saying he wanted to improve peoples living standards in USSR and Eastern Europe.

Question 93

The invasion of Hungary

Answer 93

Nov 1956 thousands of soviet troops and tanks moved into Budapest. Two weeks of fighting followed around 3,000 Hungarians killed and 200,000 fled to Austria. Hungarians defeated. Imre Naggy and his fellow leaders were captured then executed.

Question 94

When did the U2 spy plane crisis happen?

Answer 94

May 1960 just before the summit meeting in Paris.

Question 95

what were the U2 flights and how ere they useful to the usa

Answer 95

reconaissance flights, useful as gave them information on military actions

Question 96

why were the U2 flights problem for Eisenhowever

Answer 96

showed the world USA was conducting illegal spying. ruined chance of peace.

Question 97

why were U2 flights problem for Krushchev?

Answer 97

military secerets being leaked had known about them but couldn't call US out as didnt want to admit that didn't have the technology to shoot them down,

Question 98

What factors exacerbated U2 spy crisis?

Answer 98

1) occured right befre four powers summit meeting in Paris - Krushchev backed out of summit 2) Powers (the pilot) was captured alive US could not deny envolvement 3) U2 plane was badly damged but pictures of illegal spying could still be salvaged and used as proof 4)USA orginally claimed it was a civilian weather plane having mechanical dfficulties - made it wore as caught lying 5) Western newspapaers published info and photographs of incdent- gov made a fool 6) Eisenhowever refused to apolagise or to promise to stop future flight, paris summit fell apart

Question 99

USSR's record on Human rights

Answer 99

-West felt that USSR was abusing basic human right (e.g freedom speech and conscience ect) in the USSR and eastern bloc - particular concern over the conditions of jews and imprisonment + harsh conditions of dissidents. US wanted to use detente to secure better protection of human rights and lead to (in 1975) siging of Helenski agreement; western bloc accepted european borders including east germany and loss of independence of Latvia and Estonia in exchange USSR promised to respect human rights