Respuration and gas exchange in humans Flashcards
Cellular Respiration Definition
An exothermique reaction which transfers energy from glucose and is continuously occurring in living cells. Breaks apart glucose molecules to RELEASE energy in the form of ATP
How do organisms use the energy?
- To build larger molecules from smaller ones (amino acids —> proteins
- For muscular contraction (to move)
- To maintain our body temp
- Lots of Reactions in our cells
What is the combination of all reactions in living cells?
Metabolism- All the chemic processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
Aerobic Repiration
Takes place in the mitochondria when there is enough oxygen. It’s the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose and it happens continuously.
Aerobic Respiration Word Equation
Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + (ATP)
Aerobic Respiration Symbol Equation
6O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6H2O + 6CO2
Anaerobic Respiration
Only occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen. It has an incomplete breakdown of glucose molecules which doesn’t unlock all energy. There is also a build up of lactic acid that we need to get rid of later. Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Anaerobic Respiration Word Equation, Humans
Glucose —> Lactic Acid (+ATP), (only lasts for a short amount of time & ATP causes cramps)
Anaerobic Respiration Word Equation, Plants
Glucose —> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
Anaerobic Respiration, Yeast (plants)
For yeast, this is called fermentation
What happens when you Exercise, Aerobic
Increased effort, breathing increases, heart rate increases as it requires more energy and oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration
Anaerobic Respiration Exercise
It’s far less efficient than aerobic. Builds up latin acid in your tissues (burning sensation), to get rid of it you react it with oxygen (oxygen debt). The blood varies lactic acidosis from muscles to the liver so it can react with oxygen and converted back to glucose.
How to measure breathing rate
-How many times chest rises and falls in 1 min
How to measure heart rate
-Measure the pulse
Investigate the effect of exercise has on breathing rate (CORMS)
C- Amount of star jumps performed (consistently)
O- Human
R- Repeat each recording 3 times and take average
M- Measure number of breaths per min)
S- Same person, same exercise, time of recovery (20s between), consistent jumps
Investigate the effect of exercise has on breathing rate (IV, DV, CV)
IV- Amount of star jumps
DV- Number of breaths standing
CV- person, exercise, time, time between
Function of lungs
To give the oxygen from the air all around us to the blood cells to the respiring cells
Trachea (wind pipe)
Long tube that connects your larynx to the bronchi. Carries the air to the lungs lined with cells making mucus and cells with cilia to move the mucus away.
Bronchi
Two large tubes that carry air from your trachea to your lungs
Bronchioles
Air passages inside the lungs that branch off from the bronchi and lead to the alveoli. Carry’s air to the alveoli.
Alveoli
Where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in & out. Tiny sacs that are adapted for gas exchange
Alveoli Adaptations
- Very thin walls
- Large Surface area (lots of alveoli)
- Moist
- High concentration gradient
Alveoli adaptations: Thin Walls
Thin walls mean their is a short diffusion distance which increases rate of diffusion
Alveoli Adaptations: High SA
High surface area increases rate of diffusion
Alveoli Adaptations: Moist
The walls being moist allows the gases to dissolve and it increases rate of diffusion
Alveoli Adaptations: High concentration gradient
High concentration gradient allows the oxygen in the alveoli to diffuse down into the capillaries (and the opposite for carbon dioxide) which increases rate of diffusion (constant supply)
How is carbon dioxide carried?
It is dissolved in the blood plasma
How is oxygen carried?
Carried by red blood cells
Calculate the breathing rate
No of breaths taken/ no of mins = breaths per min
Diaphragm
Separates the abdomen from the thorax. Sheet of muscle (domed) which helps the process of breathing.
Ribs
Protect and ventilates the lungs
Intercostal muscles
Around the outside of the lungs, the move ribs for ventilation/breathing
Pleural Membrane
Provide an airtight seal around the chest cavity, separates the inside of the thorax from the lungs
Breathing in
- Intercostal muscles contract pulling the rib cage, up and out
- Diaphragm also contracts and flattens
- Volume increases
- Means there is a lower pressure inside than outside
- Meaning air is forced in to balance out the pressure
Breathing out
- Intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move down and in
- The diaphragm relaxes and move back to the dome shape
- Volume inside is much smaller
- Meaning pressure inside is higher than outside
- Meaning air is forced out the lungs to balance out the pressure
Effects of smoking: Lungs
- Lung cancer
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Emphysema
Lung cancer
Smoking produces carcinogens, producing a large tumour in the lungs
Chronic Bronchitis
In a healthy bronchi and bronchioles, they are covered in cilia (microscopic hairs) that waft mucus. When you smoke the cilia get paralysed and you get lots of chest infections, (more mucus is produced) causes smokers cough and chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Alveoli burst and reduces SA for gas exchange, person doesn’t get enough oxygen
Effects of smoking: Circulatory system
- Heart attack
- Coronary heart disease
- High amount of carbon monoxide
- Vasoconstriction
Coronary heart disease
When you get fatty deposits in the of the coronary arteries (supply to the heart). Meaning it blocks blood flow (blood clots) and you get a heart attack.
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide produced by smoking binds the the haemoglobin meaning the heart beats faster with a higher pressure damaging the artery’s and meaning blood clots occur.
Vasoconstriction
Nicotine makes blood cells more sticky and narrows blood vessels (vasoconstriction)
