Resporatory 2

Question 1

Most of the O2 transported in form of ?

Answer 1

Oxyhemoglobin oxyHB

Question 2

Erythrocytes contain?

Answer 2

Heoglobine

Oxygen

Question 3

What determines the amount of the oxyHb in the blood ?

Answer 3

Hemoglobins and oxygen

Question 4

What the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve demonstrates?

Answer 4

Its demonstrates the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

Question 5

Explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 5

—The Po2 in arterial blood is 100 mmHg , at this time the affinity of hemoglobine to oxygen is high almost 100% of the oxyhb is formed
—at the tissue level the Po2 decreases to 40 mmHG and the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen drops , haemoglobin easily gives oxygen to plasma

Question 6

Why the Po2 of 60mm HG correlates with high oxyHB concentration of 90% why the body need it

Answer 6

Bcs this is the minimum oxygen concentration providing enough oxygen to prevent ischemia in the tissues

Question 7

What is the partial pressure in the aterial blood and where is located and what is the sat of it

Answer 7

104 mm HG 
Its in the
-lungs
- systemic arteial blood
Sat is - 98%

Question 8

How much the pratial pressure in the tissues ? And what is the saturation of it

Answer 8

40 mm Hg

Sat is 60%

Question 9

Explain the right shift in the curve

Answer 9

The partial pressure will be 40 mmgh
The saturation 60%
The oxygen unloaded will be 38%
And all this bcs what is so-called Bohr effect

• A lot of protons
• cells produce a lot of Co2
• increasing of 2,3 Bpg biphosphoglyceri
• increase in the temperature

which causes the decrease of the affinity for oxygen from hemoglobine
Which cuse oxygen dissociation ( more )

Question 10

Explain the left shift or haldem effect

And what the causes and what result

Answer 10

Saturation will be 85%
Partial pressure will be 40 mm hg

• low Co2
• low protons
• 2,3 bpg biphosphoglycire
• low temperature

The results of the haldem effect is there will be high affinity to oxygen from
hemoglobins
Which cuse oxygen dissociation ( drop )

Question 11

What does the content of oxHb depend from

Answer 11

• partial pressure
• acidosis
• an increase of carbon dioxide in the partial pressure
• temperature increase

Question 12

Why happened during physical stress to oxygen ?

Answer 12

It decreases the haemoglobin affinity to oxygen to contributes better oxygenation of hard muscle works

Question 13

How the right shift develop ?

Answer 13

Its develops for the same in reasons in pathology
Ex:
- pulmonary or cardiac or renal insufficiency

Question 14

How the respiratory system participated in the blood PH ?

Answer 14

Lung excretes carbon dioxide by the shifting buffer balance to decrease the number of protons .
Therefore respiratory depression is accompanied with acidosis

Question 15

What the intensity of the respiratory characteristic ? and what is the different between them

Answer 15

They are two

• frequency ( BF )
• amplitude

From a clinical point frequency is more often used to characterise breathing which not entirely correct , frequency is easy to determine , but respiration amplitude is more labial parameter.

BF at rest on average is 16 mov/min and it can change significantly 

Question 16

What is the mechanism that regulate breathing ?

Answer 16

Nervous and humoral

Question 17

What Humoral regulation factor of breathing ?

Answer 17

1- hormones
2 - PH
3 - Gases ( o2 , Co2 )

Question 18

Is there any specific hormones that will affect only respiratory system?

Answer 18

No there is not ,
Adrenaline and epinephrine they are affect respiratory system but not only respiratory system
At the end any hormones somehow able to change the work of respiratory systems

Question 19

What stimulates breathing ?

Answer 19

• Acidification of blood

- hypercapnia

Question 20

One of main respiratory reflexes

DF , and how its carried out ?

Answer 20

Hering - breuer reflex
Expressed by : inhalation stimulates exhalation and exhalation stimulates inhalation

The hering breuer reflex carried out though Nervous vagus

Question 21

What is the hering breur refliex shows ?

Answer 21

Interaction between the central breathing mechanism and periphery

Question 22

What is The brain centers that regulate breathing ?

Answer 22

Central breathing mechanism (CBM)

Question 23

How breathing regulation work ?

Answer 23

— When the inhalation happened , the respiratory muscles contracted and stretched , mechanoreceptor of the lung parenchyma are deformed , as well as respiratory muscles proprioreceptor thats results in an appearance of afferentation into expiratory neurons and this center becomes excited

• when exhalation happens , the lung collapsed the muscles relaxed , this mean activation of the mechanoreceptor and proprioreceptor will disappear
  There will be no afferentation to expiratory center so there will be no excitation of it , and therefore it will not induce inhabitation in the inspiratory center
  And inspiratory neurons will be excited because they automatism , thus exhalation stimulates inhalation

Question 24

Explain the relationship between the inspiratory center and expiratory center

Answer 24

There are reciprocal relationships between the inspiratory and expiratory centers , thats mean the excitation of one of them induces inhabitation on the other , if the center of expiration is excited then the center of inspiration is suppressed , the inhalation stops so passive exhalation will happen

Question 25

What is the two properties of the respiratory center are crucial in the mechanism of hering breure reflex

Answer 25

1- reciprocity

2- automatism

Question 26

Explain the pneumotaxic centre

And what its function

Answer 26

Is part of the CBM

• neurones located in the upper third of the brain stem in pons varolii
• the pneumotaxic centre coordinates underlaying inhalation and exhalation centres of medulla oblongata , its carries out this coordination in the basis its not only received afferentation but humoral influences on him too

Question 27

What is the difference between the respiratory centre of medulla oblongata and pneumotaxic centre?

Answer 27

• the respiratory centre of medulla oblongata implements the hering breure reflex on the base of afferentation from lungs and respiratory muscles
• pneumotaxic centre receives not only the afferentation but also the humoral influence

Ex/ he knows about the gas composition of blood therefore it can change the activity of inspiratory and expiratory neurons of medulla oblongata

Question 28

What is the common between the respiratory centre of medulla oblongata and pneumotaxic centre?

Answer 28

All of them realize only unconditional reflexes upon breathing

Question 29

Explain the brain cortex which responsible of breathing

Answer 29

The brain cortex is the superior structure of the respiratory regulation
It can change the activity of all underlaying structures of CBM

Bcs its able to implement not only unconditional reflexes but also conditional ones

Ex to stimulate the athlete’s breathing before a start , in addition the cortex is able to voluntarily change breathing for ex hold breathing ( when diving )

Question 30

Explain the breath changes after brainstem transaction on different level

Answer 30

If you block the cortex ( surgically of pharmacologically) for ex with calypsol or alcohol , then the breathing will not change , more over it will adequately adapted to the state of the body

Question 31

What will happens if you separate the pons from medulla oblongata ?

Answer 31

Breathing will be preserved but it will be realised only in accordance with the hering berure reflex - a deep inhalation will be replace a deep exhalation adaptive changes in breathing will be impassable

Question 32

What happens if you separated the brain from spinal cord ?

Answer 32

Respiratory arrest will occur