Resporatory 2 Flashcards
Most of the O2 transported in form of ?
Oxyhemoglobin oxyHB
Erythrocytes contain?
Heoglobine
Oxygen
What determines the amount of the oxyHb in the blood ?
Hemoglobins and oxygen
What the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve demonstrates?
Its demonstrates the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
Explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
—The Po2 in arterial blood is 100 mmHg , at this time the affinity of hemoglobine to oxygen is high almost 100% of the oxyhb is formed
—at the tissue level the Po2 decreases to 40 mmHG and the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen drops , haemoglobin easily gives oxygen to plasma
Why the Po2 of 60mm HG correlates with high oxyHB concentration of 90% why the body need it
Bcs this is the minimum oxygen concentration providing enough oxygen to prevent ischemia in the tissues
What is the partial pressure in the aterial blood and where is located and what is the sat of it
104 mm HG Its in the -lungs - systemic arteial blood Sat is - 98%
How much the pratial pressure in the tissues ? And what is the saturation of it
40 mm Hg
Sat is 60%
Explain the right shift in the curve
The partial pressure will be 40 mmgh
The saturation 60%
The oxygen unloaded will be 38%
And all this bcs what is so-called Bohr effect
- A lot of protons
- cells produce a lot of Co2
- increasing of 2,3 Bpg biphosphoglyceri
- increase in the temperature
which causes the decrease of the affinity for oxygen from hemoglobine
Which cuse oxygen dissociation ( more )
Explain the left shift or haldem effect
And what the causes and what result
Saturation will be 85%
Partial pressure will be 40 mm hg
- low Co2
- low protons
- 2,3 bpg biphosphoglycire
- low temperature
The results of the haldem effect is there will be high affinity to oxygen from
hemoglobins
Which cuse oxygen dissociation ( drop )
What does the content of oxHb depend from
- partial pressure
- acidosis
- an increase of carbon dioxide in the partial pressure
- temperature increase
Why happened during physical stress to oxygen ?
It decreases the haemoglobin affinity to oxygen to contributes better oxygenation of hard muscle works
How the right shift develop ?
Its develops for the same in reasons in pathology
Ex:
- pulmonary or cardiac or renal insufficiency
How the respiratory system participated in the blood PH ?
Lung excretes carbon dioxide by the shifting buffer balance to decrease the number of protons .
Therefore respiratory depression is accompanied with acidosis
What the intensity of the respiratory characteristic ? and what is the different between them
They are two
- frequency ( BF )
- amplitude
From a clinical point frequency is more often used to characterise breathing which not entirely correct , frequency is easy to determine , but respiration amplitude is more labial parameter.
BF at rest on average is 16 mov/min and it can change significantly 
What is the mechanism that regulate breathing ?
Nervous and humoral
What Humoral regulation factor of breathing ?
1- hormones
2 - PH
3 - Gases ( o2 , Co2 )
Is there any specific hormones that will affect only respiratory system?
No there is not ,
Adrenaline and epinephrine they are affect respiratory system but not only respiratory system
At the end any hormones somehow able to change the work of respiratory systems
What stimulates breathing ?
- Acidification of blood
- hypercapnia
One of main respiratory reflexes
DF , and how its carried out ?
Hering - breuer reflex
Expressed by : inhalation stimulates exhalation and exhalation stimulates inhalation
The hering breuer reflex carried out though Nervous vagus
What is the hering breur refliex shows ?
Interaction between the central breathing mechanism and periphery
What is The brain centers that regulate breathing ?
Central breathing mechanism (CBM)
How breathing regulation work ?
— When the inhalation happened , the respiratory muscles contracted and stretched , mechanoreceptor of the lung parenchyma are deformed , as well as respiratory muscles proprioreceptor thats results in an appearance of afferentation into expiratory neurons and this center becomes excited
- when exhalation happens , the lung collapsed the muscles relaxed , this mean activation of the mechanoreceptor and proprioreceptor will disappear
There will be no afferentation to expiratory center so there will be no excitation of it , and therefore it will not induce inhabitation in the inspiratory center
And inspiratory neurons will be excited because they automatism , thus exhalation stimulates inhalation
Explain the relationship between the inspiratory center and expiratory center
There are reciprocal relationships between the inspiratory and expiratory centers , thats mean the excitation of one of them induces inhabitation on the other , if the center of expiration is excited then the center of inspiration is suppressed , the inhalation stops so passive exhalation will happen
What is the two properties of the respiratory center are crucial in the mechanism of hering breure reflex
1- reciprocity
2- automatism
Explain the pneumotaxic centre
And what its function
Is part of the CBM
- neurones located in the upper third of the brain stem in pons varolii
- the pneumotaxic centre coordinates underlaying inhalation and exhalation centres of medulla oblongata , its carries out this coordination in the basis its not only received afferentation but humoral influences on him too
What is the difference between the respiratory centre of medulla oblongata and pneumotaxic centre?
- the respiratory centre of medulla oblongata implements the hering breure reflex on the base of afferentation from lungs and respiratory muscles
- pneumotaxic centre receives not only the afferentation but also the humoral influence
Ex/ he knows about the gas composition of blood therefore it can change the activity of inspiratory and expiratory neurons of medulla oblongata
What is the common between the respiratory centre of medulla oblongata and pneumotaxic centre?
All of them realize only unconditional reflexes upon breathing
Explain the brain cortex which responsible of breathing
The brain cortex is the superior structure of the respiratory regulation
It can change the activity of all underlaying structures of CBM
Bcs its able to implement not only unconditional reflexes but also conditional ones
Ex to stimulate the athlete’s breathing before a start , in addition the cortex is able to voluntarily change breathing for ex hold breathing ( when diving )
Explain the breath changes after brainstem transaction on different level
If you block the cortex ( surgically of pharmacologically) for ex with calypsol or alcohol , then the breathing will not change , more over it will adequately adapted to the state of the body
What will happens if you separate the pons from medulla oblongata ?
Breathing will be preserved but it will be realised only in accordance with the hering berure reflex - a deep inhalation will be replace a deep exhalation adaptive changes in breathing will be impassable
What happens if you separated the brain from spinal cord ?
Respiratory arrest will occur
