Phisology Blood Group L10

Question 1

Explain the blood group discovery and by who ?

Answer 1

• the human blood group were discovered by American biologist KARL Landsteiner in 1901

Question 2

What karl landstenier found ?

Answer 2

-Landstenier found that there some special substances in the blood
- agglutinogens ( antigen
And
-agglutinins ( antibody )
He took a note of this substances may induce clumping of red blood cells when red cells of another blood are added

Question 3

What is the agglutinogens

Answer 3

• agglutinogens are specific kind of antigens which are located on the membrane of RBC And according to which blood group exist .
• these days 250 types of agglutinogens were described, but most of these antigen are weak and not take account in practical medicine

Question 4

What are the major types of agglutinogens

Answer 4

• according only 2 types of major agglutinogens there are 2 classification if blood exist
• ABO blood groups
• Rhesus (RH) blood groups

Question 5

Explain the ABO blood groups classification

Answer 5

• this system includes 2 types of antigens A and B which called agglutinogens
• according to the presence of A and B antigen on the membrane of erythrocytes there are 4 groups of human blood exist

1- Group A ( about 41% of people) only type A antigen is present
2- group B ( about 9% of people) only type B antigen is present
3- group AB ( about 3% of people) both
A and B antigen are present
4 - group O ( about 47 % of people) both A and B are absent .

Question 6

Explain the agglutinins

And what types?

Answer 6

• agglutinins it’s antibodies that located in the plasma of erythrocytes, these antibodies are antagonists to the red cells agglutinogens
• there are 2 types of agglutinins
  1- Anti-A ( or alpha ) agglutinins
  2- Anti-B ( or beta ) agglutinins

Question 7

Explain the Landsteiner Rule

Answer 7

• individual forms immune antibodies to blood group antigen he do not possess
• precisely , substances present on the membrane of erythrocytes are similar to blood group antigen, as well as the constant production to plasma of antibodies to blood group antigen they do not possess are realises

-By simple way :
One blood group must not have self-titled agglutinins and agglutinogens

Question 8

What happens if self-titled agglutinins and agglutinogens contact to each other
, in what cases this happens ?

Answer 8

• the result of this reaction its agglutination ( clumping of erythrocytes and burst of them )
• because in this case antigen-antibody reaction will take a place
• this reaction is happening during a transfusion of different-titled blood groups

Question 9

What is the agglutination

Answer 9

Agglutination is antigen-antibody reaction in relation to blood groups

Question 10

Explain the blood transfusion And its indications ?

Answer 10

• A transfusion is the transfer of whole blood or RBCs only or blood plasma only from a donor into recipient blood stream or its red bone marrow
  — indications for transfusion
  1- alternation in blood either in quantity or quality of it that interferes with the defects of an organism normal functions
  2-significant blood loss
  3-blood disorder Ex heomophilia purpra , clotting defects
  4- blood diseases such as leukaemia
  5- poisoning , by carbon monoxied , snakes poisons
  6- shocks

Question 11

Explain the rules if blood transfusion

in case of hospital they must be transfused only the self-titled blood group

Answer 11

• for transfusion if self-titled blood group we should follow these statements
  1- donor blood should be same named group with that of recipient
  2- the Hb content of donor blood must be not less then 90%
  3- the donor blood should be free from diseases
  4-donor blood should be fresh not frozen
  5- pretransfusion test must be done

Question 12

Explain the Pretransfusion test

Answer 12

• for safe blood transfusion , the following tests must be done
  1- blood typing : the test which making with standard serum to determine the group of blood which are going to transfuse
  2- crossmatching : it is the way which health care provider tests the patients blood against a donor blood ,to make sure that fully compatible
• to do this test , the donor red blood cells are combined with recipient blood serum
  3- biological test : transfusion of 10ml of donor blood looking for no reaction of recipient, before transfused the whole blood volume

Question 13

Explain the ottenberg principle ( rules of dilution )

Answer 13

• we can transfer different- titled blood group during in emergency situations only ( outside the condition of an inpatient clinic ) by ottenberg principal:
  — according to this principle
  1- Donor O blood group is compatible for recipient O and all other blood groups
  2-Donor gr A it’s compatible for recipient gr A and gr AB
  3- Donor gr B ots compatible for recipient gr B and AB
  4 - for recipient gr AB its compatible donor may be with any blood group

— generally blood transfusion should not be more then 0,5 L in any case it’s can’t be transfused more then 0,5 L of donor

Question 14

Which blood group is considered is the universal donor

Answer 14

• gr O because this blood group can transfused to recipient with any group

Question 15

Which blood group is considered is the universal recipient

Answer 15

Its AB gr because it can receive all type of blood groups

Question 16

Explain the Hazard blood transfusion

Answer 16

-Hazard blood types are 4 types :
1- reaction due to different-tilted blood transfusion
2- reaction due to massive blood transfusion
3- reaction due faulty technics during blood transfusion
4- transmission of infection

Question 17

Explain the symptoms of hazard blood transfusion

Answer 17

• different-tilted blood transfusion leads to agglutination of the following donor red blood cells followed by their hemolysis and results to following things :
  1- sever pain elsewhere in the body (mainly in chest )
  2- hemolytic jaundice ( its genetic disorder of the red blood cell membrane)
  3- dyspnea ( shortness of breath)
  4- fever
  5- hypotension

Question 18

Explain the RH-system ( Rh - factor )

Answer 18

• this system of agglutinogens firstly present in the red blood cells of Rhesus monkeys and also in human red blood cells
• there is 40 antigen and along with C- , D- and E- antigen
• antigen D has the strongest antigenic effect so if D-antigen is present so the RH factor is positive (+)
• is D antigen is absent then Rh factor is negative (-)
  — during the blood transfusion to the Rh-factor there may be 3 cases possible
  1- of the donor has positive RH then it can only transferred to a positive recipient Rh factor
  2- if the donor has Rh negative ( no Rh factor ) so it can be transferred to Rh negative recipient
  3- if the donor has negative RH it can be transferred to a positive Rh recipient

Question 19

Explain the hemolytic disease of the new born (HDN)

Answer 19

• Rh- incompatibility may cause Erythroblastosis fetalis (HDN)
• if Rh- lady marry Rh+ man , baby may have Rh+ fetal RBC the first pregnancy will pass normally because the blood of the mother and the baby will not mix , however during Childbearing the Rh+ of the fetus will will got into the mother blood , and antibody against them will develop in her organism , during the next pregnancy the antibody will enter through the placentae of fetal and cues death ,
• for preventing this disease the health provider should give the mother Anti-Rh antibody called Anti-Rh gamma globuin

Question 20

What is the method of blood transfusion is used in the modern clinic

Answer 20

-To avoid all the problems of blood transfusion Modern clinic use these three method :
1- Red blood cells transfusion: this may used in case of anemia or iron deficiency
2- Platlets transfusion: helps to stop bleeding
3- plasma transfusion: restore the volume of circulating blood , both hydrostatic and colloid-osmic pressure