Blood L1 ( rework )

Question 1

Normal vital activity of body cells is only possible ?

Answer 1

only their internal medium is permanent

Question 2

what is the blood

Answer 2

liquid body medium which is considered a type of conjunctive tissue.

Question 3

Blood system includes ?

Answer 3

1- Peripheral blood located in vessels
2-Blood-forming organs – red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
3-Hemoclastic organs – red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, liver
4-neurohumoral regulation apparatus (mechanisms)

Question 4

what is the peripheral blood ?

Answer 4

blood circulating in vessels

Question 5

what is the blood system ?

Answer 5

a repository blood (which excluded of the total blood flow in blood depots).

Question 6

The main depots of blood in the body ?

Answer 6

skin vessels , subcutaneous adipose tissue vessels, vessels of pulmonary circulation and veins.

Question 7

is the spleen and liver the main depots of the blood

Answer 7

no

Question 8

is the spleen and liver the main depots of the blood

Answer 8

no

Question 9

what is the main blood function ?

Answer 9

1. Transport ; of various substance necessary for vital activity of organs and tissuesО2, СО2 nutrients, hormones, proteins, electrolytes, enzymes
   2- Respiratory – transport of О2 from the lungs to tissues and СО2 from tissues to lungs.
   3-Nutritive – transport of basic nutrients from digestive organs to body tissues.
   4-Excretory – transport of intermediate and final products of metabolism (urea, uric acid, ammonia .) and water excesses to organs of their excretion (kidneys, lungs, sweat glands, intestine).
   5-Regulatory or humoral – delivery of the hormones, peptides, ions and other substances having regulatory effects on different target cells.
   6-Thermoregulatory –blood transports heat from more heated bodies to less heated ones and to bodies of heat transfer, to maintaining its temperature constancy.
   7-Protective – participation in immunity (implementing humoral specific and non-specific protection mechanisms) as well as blood coagulation and arrest of bleeding
   homeostatic function, that is maintenance of internal medium constancy (acid-base balance, water-electrolytic balance and other types of exchange).
   this is the main function of the blood

Question 10

hemostasis” and “homeostasis are the the same ?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

talk about Peripheral blood

Answer 11

Peripheral blood is the one that is in blood vessels and depots.
Its main parts: plasma and formed elements
Plasma 55%
formed element 45%.

Question 12

what the formed elements includes ?

Answer 12

Formed elements:

1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) = 4.5–5.5*1012 pieces/liter.
2. Leukocytes = 4–9*109 /liter.
3. Platelets = 200–300*109 /liter.

Question 13

what is the plasma composition: ?

Answer 13

1. Water (90-92 %).
2. Inorganic compounds. For example, ions and their salts.
3. Organic compounds. For example, organic acids, proteins, etc.

Question 14

what is total amount of blood (circulating and deposited) in the body of an adult human?

Answer 14

is 6-8% of body weight, on average it is around 5-6 liters

It is believed that more than half of this amount is in the depot.

Question 15

what is characterize of amount of blood the notion of circulating blood volume ?

Answer 15

CBV : is a hemodynamic indicator which represents the total volume of blood that is contained in functioning blood vessels
Сalculating of reference CBV: CBV = M*K
М – body weight (kg),
k – coefficient that is equal 70 for men and 60 for women.
CBV, despite its name, does not differentiate blood, which is located in the depot from those one which circulates in vessels, it’s a total blood

Question 16

the relationship between plasma and formed element called ?

Answer 16

hematocrit (Greek. haima, haimat[os] – blood, kritikos – determining)

Question 17

what is the hematocrit ?

Answer 17

hematocrit is the volume of blood that falls on the share of formed elements. It equals 40-45% and shows the amount of formed elements of the total mass of blood

Question 18

Blood, devoid of formed elements is called ?

Answer 18

plasma

Question 19

plsama , devoid of fibrinogen is called

Answer 19

serum

Question 20

what is the serum ?

Answer 20

is main clinical value of which is determined by the presence of antibodies in it.

Question 21

explain the Blood plasma ?

Answer 21

Plasma consists of water – 90-92% and solids – 8-10%
Dry solid consists of organic (7-9%) and inorganic chemicals (1%).
Mainly, electrolytes fall into inorganic substances
Organic substances include proteins, non-protein nitrogen bonds as well as nitrogen-free organic compounds.

Question 22

what is Main values of a general blood test ( common parameters )

Answer 22

Hematocrit = 40-45%
Erythrocytes (male) = 4.0-5.5·1012/l
Erythrocytes (female) = 3.7-4.9·1012/l
Leukocytes = 4.0-9.0·109/l
Platelets = 180-320·109/l
Hemoglobin, Hb (male) = 130-170 g/l
Hemoglobin, Hb (female) = 120-150 g/l
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR (male)  = 1-10 mm/h
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR (female) = 2-15 mm/h

Question 23

Basic parameters of biochemical blood tests ((1) organic )

Answer 23

Water =900-920 g/l
Total protein Proteins in fractions:=65-85 g/l
1. Albumins=35-50 g/l
2. Globulins=20-30 g/l
– α1- globulins=1-3g/l
– α2- globulins=5-9g/l
– β- globulins=6-9g/l
– γ- globulins=8-13g/l
3. Fibrinogen=2-4g/l
Total  bilirubin =8.5-20.5 мkmol/L
VLDL = 0.2-1.5 mmol/L
LDL =<4.5 mmol/L
HDL=>1.0 mmol/L
Triglycerides (lipids)=0.45-2.5 mmol/L
Glucose =3.3-5.5 mmol/L

Question 24

Basic parameters of biochemical blood tests ((2) metal )

Answer 24

Sodium+=135-150 mmol/L
Potassium+=3.5-5.0 mmol/L
Free calcium2+=1.15-1.3 mmol/L
Magnesium2+=0.7-1.2 mmol/L
Chlorine–=95-110 mmol/L
Hydrogen сarbonate–=20-30 mmol/L
Protein anions–=15-20 mmol/L
Total calcium =2.25-2.75 mmol/L
Free (nonheme) iron=12-32 mcmol/l
Copper=11-24 mcmol/l
 Phosphorus=1-2 mmol/L
Ammonia=7-30 mcmol/l (up to 40 mcmol/l)
Residual nitrogen =14-28 mmol/L
Uric acid=0.15-0.5 mmol/L
Creatinine=40-110 mcmol/l

Question 25

the main inorganic cations substances in the plasma

Answer 25

Na+– 135-150 mmol/L, Са2+ – 1.15-1.3 mmol/L, К+ – 4.0-5.0mmol/L,
Мg2+ – 0.7-1.2 mmol/L

Question 26

the main inorganic anions substances in the plasma

Answer 26

main anions: Сl- – 95-110 mmol/L, НСО3- – 20‑30 mmol/L

Question 27

what is Common nonspecific function to all ions ?

Answer 27

1) make membrane potential of all body cells, particularly in excitable tissues.
2) form osmotic pressure.

Question 28

what is the Osmotic pressure ?

Answer 28

is the force with which a dissolved substance holds or attracts water
its function :
1 water-salt metabolism in the body ensures implementation of all other substances exchange,
2 formation of membrane potentials and the course of excitable processes
3 homeostasis maintenance.

Question 29

what is osmotic made from ?

Answer 29

ions mainly

Question 30

oncotic (colloid) pressure of plasma is made from ?

Answer 30

formed by proteins (it is much lower – 1/200 of osmotic pressure).

Question 31

how much his the osmotic pressure of the blood ?

Answer 31

Osmotic pressure of blood of 7.3-7.6 (in average 7.6)

Question 32

Osmotic pressure increasing is called ?

Answer 32

hyperosmia

Question 33

Osmotic pressure decrease is called ?

Answer 33

hypoosmia.

Question 34

what is the value of oncotic pressure?

Answer 34

its 30 mm Hg (1/200 of osmotic pressure).

Question 35

Isoosmotic solutions used in clinic are called

Answer 35

physiological solutions

Question 36

Solutions having a lower osmotic pressure than 0.9% NaCl of plasma called ?

NaCL = chlored sodium ,

Answer 36

hypotonic solutions.

Question 37

Solutions having a higher osmotic pressure than 0.9% NaCl of plasma called ?

NaCL = chlored sodium ,

Answer 37

hypertonic. Solutions

Question 38

what is Ringer’s solution

Answer 38

its 0.9% NaCl, chloride sodium