Blood L1 ( rework ) Flashcards
Normal vital activity of body cells is only possible ?
only their internal medium is permanent
what is the blood
liquid body medium which is considered a type of conjunctive tissue.
Blood system includes ?
1- Peripheral blood located in vessels
2-Blood-forming organs – red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
3-Hemoclastic organs – red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, liver
4-neurohumoral regulation apparatus (mechanisms)
what is the peripheral blood ?
blood circulating in vessels
what is the blood system ?
a repository blood (which excluded of the total blood flow in blood depots).
The main depots of blood in the body ?
skin vessels , subcutaneous adipose tissue vessels, vessels of pulmonary circulation and veins.
is the spleen and liver the main depots of the blood
no
is the spleen and liver the main depots of the blood
no
what is the main blood function ?
- Transport ; of various substance necessary for vital activity of organs and tissuesО2, СО2 nutrients, hormones, proteins, electrolytes, enzymes
2- Respiratory – transport of О2 from the lungs to tissues and СО2 from tissues to lungs.
3-Nutritive – transport of basic nutrients from digestive organs to body tissues.
4-Excretory – transport of intermediate and final products of metabolism (urea, uric acid, ammonia .) and water excesses to organs of their excretion (kidneys, lungs, sweat glands, intestine).
5-Regulatory or humoral – delivery of the hormones, peptides, ions and other substances having regulatory effects on different target cells.
6-Thermoregulatory –blood transports heat from more heated bodies to less heated ones and to bodies of heat transfer, to maintaining its temperature constancy.
7-Protective – participation in immunity (implementing humoral specific and non-specific protection mechanisms) as well as blood coagulation and arrest of bleeding
homeostatic function, that is maintenance of internal medium constancy (acid-base balance, water-electrolytic balance and other types of exchange).
this is the main function of the blood
hemostasis” and “homeostasis are the the same ?
no
talk about Peripheral blood
Peripheral blood is the one that is in blood vessels and depots.
Its main parts: plasma and formed elements
Plasma 55%
formed element 45%.
what the formed elements includes ?
Formed elements:
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) = 4.5–5.5*1012 pieces/liter.
- Leukocytes = 4–9*109 /liter.
- Platelets = 200–300*109 /liter.
what is the plasma composition: ?
- Water (90-92 %).
- Inorganic compounds. For example, ions and their salts.
- Organic compounds. For example, organic acids, proteins, etc.
what is total amount of blood (circulating and deposited) in the body of an adult human?
is 6-8% of body weight, on average it is around 5-6 liters
It is believed that more than half of this amount is in the depot.
what is characterize of amount of blood the notion of circulating blood volume ?
CBV : is a hemodynamic indicator which represents the total volume of blood that is contained in functioning blood vessels
Сalculating of reference CBV: CBV = M*K
М – body weight (kg),
k – coefficient that is equal 70 for men and 60 for women.
CBV, despite its name, does not differentiate blood, which is located in the depot from those one which circulates in vessels, it’s a total blood
the relationship between plasma and formed element called ?
hematocrit (Greek. haima, haimat[os] – blood, kritikos – determining)
what is the hematocrit ?
hematocrit is the volume of blood that falls on the share of formed elements. It equals 40-45% and shows the amount of formed elements of the total mass of blood
Blood, devoid of formed elements is called ?
plasma
plsama , devoid of fibrinogen is called
serum
what is the serum ?
is main clinical value of which is determined by the presence of antibodies in it.
explain the Blood plasma ?
Plasma consists of water – 90-92% and solids – 8-10%
Dry solid consists of organic (7-9%) and inorganic chemicals (1%).
Mainly, electrolytes fall into inorganic substances
Organic substances include proteins, non-protein nitrogen bonds as well as nitrogen-free organic compounds.
what is Main values of a general blood test ( common parameters )
Hematocrit = 40-45% Erythrocytes (male) = 4.0-5.5·1012/l Erythrocytes (female) = 3.7-4.9·1012/l Leukocytes = 4.0-9.0·109/l Platelets = 180-320·109/l Hemoglobin, Hb (male) = 130-170 g/l Hemoglobin, Hb (female) = 120-150 g/l Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR (male) = 1-10 mm/h Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR (female) = 2-15 mm/h
Basic parameters of biochemical blood tests ((1) organic )
Water =900-920 g/l Total protein Proteins in fractions:=65-85 g/l 1. Albumins=35-50 g/l 2. Globulins=20-30 g/l – α1- globulins=1-3g/l – α2- globulins=5-9g/l – β- globulins=6-9g/l – γ- globulins=8-13g/l 3. Fibrinogen=2-4g/l Total bilirubin =8.5-20.5 мkmol/L VLDL = 0.2-1.5 mmol/L LDL =<4.5 mmol/L HDL=>1.0 mmol/L Triglycerides (lipids)=0.45-2.5 mmol/L Glucose =3.3-5.5 mmol/L
Basic parameters of biochemical blood tests ((2) metal )
Sodium+=135-150 mmol/L Potassium+=3.5-5.0 mmol/L Free calcium2+=1.15-1.3 mmol/L Magnesium2+=0.7-1.2 mmol/L Chlorine–=95-110 mmol/L Hydrogen сarbonate–=20-30 mmol/L Protein anions–=15-20 mmol/L Total calcium =2.25-2.75 mmol/L Free (nonheme) iron=12-32 mcmol/l Copper=11-24 mcmol/l Phosphorus=1-2 mmol/L Ammonia=7-30 mcmol/l (up to 40 mcmol/l) Residual nitrogen =14-28 mmol/L Uric acid=0.15-0.5 mmol/L Creatinine=40-110 mcmol/l
the main inorganic cations substances in the plasma
Na+– 135-150 mmol/L, Са2+ – 1.15-1.3 mmol/L, К+ – 4.0-5.0mmol/L,
Мg2+ – 0.7-1.2 mmol/L
the main inorganic anions substances in the plasma
main anions: Сl- – 95-110 mmol/L, НСО3- – 20‑30 mmol/L
what is Common nonspecific function to all ions ?
1) make membrane potential of all body cells, particularly in excitable tissues.
2) form osmotic pressure.
what is the Osmotic pressure ?
is the force with which a dissolved substance holds or attracts water
its function :
1 water-salt metabolism in the body ensures implementation of all other substances exchange,
2 formation of membrane potentials and the course of excitable processes
3 homeostasis maintenance.
what is osmotic made from ?
ions mainly
oncotic (colloid) pressure of plasma is made from ?
formed by proteins (it is much lower – 1/200 of osmotic pressure).
how much his the osmotic pressure of the blood ?
Osmotic pressure of blood of 7.3-7.6 (in average 7.6)
Osmotic pressure increasing is called ?
hyperosmia
Osmotic pressure decrease is called ?
hypoosmia.
what is the value of oncotic pressure?
its 30 mm Hg (1/200 of osmotic pressure).
Isoosmotic solutions used in clinic are called
physiological solutions
Solutions having a lower osmotic pressure than 0.9% NaCl of plasma called ?
NaCL = chlored sodium ,
hypotonic solutions.
Solutions having a higher osmotic pressure than 0.9% NaCl of plasma called ?
NaCL = chlored sodium ,
hypertonic. Solutions
what is Ringer’s solution
its 0.9% NaCl, chloride sodium
