Responses to Hazards- Volcanic

Question 1

Define short and long term responses?

Answer 1

Risk management designed to reduce the impacts of hazards through-

PREPAREDNESS
MITIGATION
PREVENTION
ADAPTATION

Question 2

How is seismic activity measured?

Answer 2

Seismometer- allows readings on a seismograph

Shows ground movements and micro-quakes due to magma fractures within the crust and overlying rocks

Question 3

How are Ground Deformations measured?

Answer 3

Using TILTOMETRES and laser based electronic distance measurement
Allows readings of budging and swelling within volcanic domes as magma moves upwards (secondary vent)

Question 4

How is the upward movement of magma measured?

Answer 4

Using a MAGNETOMETRE - which measures the changing MAGNOTISM of the lithosphere

Iron rich magma will change the readings as it surfaces

Question 5

How is rising groundwater temp and gas content measured?

Answer 5

HYDROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Thermal Imaging
Gas Sampling

As magma rises to does groundwater temps- magma will corrupt water with gases

Question 6

What were the Short Term responses at the 1997 Monserrat Disaster?

Answer 6

• Troops from the British and US navy came to aid the evacuation process
• Warning systems were set up to alert inhabitants- SIRENS AND SPEAKER SYSTEMS
• NGO’s eg: The RED CROSS- set up schools and provided medical support
• Exclusion zones in the south- PLYMOUTH
• 17 MILLION IN TEMPOARY AID from Britain for infrastructure and water purification systems

Question 7

What were the Long Term responses of the 1997 Monserrat Disaster?

Answer 7

“Monserrat Volcano Observatory”- set up in 1995 and successfully predicted the eruption”

“UK financial aid of 420MILLION since 1995” as it’s a British oversees territory”

“3 YEAR redevelopment plan for houses, schools and infrastructure”

“1998= people of Monserrat were granted full residency rights in the UK” BUT= a top heavy population structure

Question 8

Which specific volcano erupted in 1997 on the Soufriere hills?

Answer 8

The southern CHANCES PEAK volcano

-5 MILLION CUBIC METRES of hot ash, rocks

Question 9

Where is the Monserrat and which plates come together?

Answer 9

• Part of the Lesser Antilles which is a string of Island Arcs in the Caribbean sea
• The SOUTH AMERICAN tectonic plate, subducts under the EURASIAN PLATE

Question 10

CASE STUDY: MT ONTAKE, JAPAN

Answer 10

• 2014
• Central Japan, West of Tokyo
• Land Locked
• Worst Japanese Eruption in 40 years
• PLATE TECHTONIC THEORY- PACIFIC, PHILLIPEINE, EURASIAN, NORTH AMERICAN

-only a VEI OF 3 but the close proximity of hikers made it a deadly threat

Question 11

What type of specific eruption was the Mt Ontake eruption?

Answer 11

-Phreatic= when water seeps into the volcano and it becomes superheated by the magma

Question 12

How many people did the eruption kill in its path?

Answer 12

250 hikers on the mountain

Question 13

IMPACTS OF THE ERUPTION?

Answer 13

• Huge Pyroclastic flows trapped 250 hikers in its path
• heavy, toxic, volcanic ash up to 40-50km thick covered much of the mountain
• the ash cloud covered 3km down the mountain = engulfing hikers

Question 14

RESPONSES OF THE ERUPTION?

Answer 14

-1000 Japanese rescue workers and military personelle
-Those brought down from the mountain were treated at the village KISO
-Recovery efforts had to initially stop due to high levels of hydrogen sulphide
a search party of 20