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Y13 A Level Geography- Leathers > Leathers- AI Questions? > Flashcards

Leathers- AI Questions? Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline the formation of Deep Sea Trenches?

A
  • associated with convergent plate boundaries
  • the subducting plate is “dragged” down into the mantle via the process of slab pull
  • the DOWNWARPING of oceanic plate creates v-shaped depression in the ocean floor
  • this v-shaped trench is formed parallel, but not close to, the coastline
  • Where oceanic meets oceanic, the denser of the two is subducted

eg: Nazca and South American= Peru Chilies Trench

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2
Q

Outline the process of “slab pull”?

A
  • Associated with the convergence of plates, where one plate is subducted under another into the Benioff zone
  • The subducting plate is generally more dense and less buoyant than the other plate so it is forced to sink
  • Gravity acts on the “leading edge “of the subducting plate, helping to “pull “the rest of the plate with it
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3
Q

Outline the processes that lead to the formation of fold mountains?

A
  • A product of the convergence of tectonic plates
  • Continental and/or ocean plates are forced together
  • This may result as a result of opposing convection currents or slab pull/ ridge push
  • “crumpling effect” whereby continental mass is warped and forced upwards

eg: The ANDES

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4
Q

History of Volcanic Theory?

A

1912- Alfred Wegner

1940’s-50’s - Mid Atlantic Ridge

1930’s- Arthur Holmes= convection currents

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5
Q

Landforms at Constructive Boundaries?

A

C constructive

O ocean ridge- mid atlantic

R rift valley

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6
Q

Landforms at Destructive Boundaries?

A

D destructive Margins

F fold Mountains

D deep Sea Trench

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7
Q

Explain the formation of Oceanic Ridges?

A
  • Takes place at oceanic areas where the plates are diverging/ pulling apart
  • The area in-between the plates is filled in by basaltic upwelling/ upwelling of magma
  • This causes the formation of land and can create SUBMARINE VOLCANOES eg: ICELAND
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8
Q

Explain the formation of Rift Valleys?

A
  • Form at boundaries of divergence where continental plates are pulling apart that are less dense
  • cracks/ faults appear within the crust
  • areas of crust “drop down” between parallel faults
  • the area between parallel faults is called the HORST

eg: The East-African Rift System= features Kilimanjaro

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9
Q

Describe the formation of Fjords?

A
  • they were formed from glaciers, with the movement of glaciers through GLACIATION causing erosion of the landscape
  • these glacial valleys become drowned as they are below sea level and become drowned
  • they typically are in a U shape, have steep sides and can be 1000m deep
  • not deepest at the mount like rias, but instead at a “THRESHOLD”
  • EG: SOGNE FJORD IN NORWAY
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10
Q

Describe the changes in Sea Level over the last 20,000 years?88i

A

18,000 years ago= the last Glacial Maximum

10,000 years ago= 110m below current levels

10,000 years ago= “Doggerland” was still present

  • connected the Baltics to Eastern Britain
  • now covered by the North Sea

4,000 years ago= current level

1930+= dramatic increase in sea level

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11
Q

Main Methods of Carbon mitigation?

A
  • CSS= Carbon Sequestration and Storage
  • geo-sequestration= underground
  • Replanting, Afforestation, Silviculture
  • Renewable- wind, tidal, solar
  • COP26- 2021- november
  • Paris Agreement- 2015
  • Kyoto Protocol- 1997

IPCC- CARBON BUDGET- 1.5degrees celcuis

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12
Q

What does effusive mean?

A

A non-explosive eruption

LOW SLICA AND VISCOCITY= BASALTIC

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13
Q

What does the IPCC predict about climate change in the future?

A

Averaged over the next 20 years there is set to be an exceeding of 1.5oc
(The CARBON BUDGET)
Currently a 66% chance of exceeding the budget

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14
Q

What temperature and speed do Pyroclastic Flows move at?

A

1000 oc +

700km/h

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15
Q

What percentage of volcanoes and earthquakes take place in the Pacific Ring of Fire?

A

75% of all ACTIVE Volcanoes on earth

90% of Earthquakes

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16
Q

What has been the increase in climate from 1900- 2020?

A

+1.08 degrees Celsius increased from 1900-2020

Greenhouse gases absorb Long Wave Radiation

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17
Q

How much is sea level currently rising by per annum?

A

2mm/ annum

Predicted that by 2100= 8mm/ annum

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18
Q

What are your two contrasting case studies of Tropical Storms?

A

Hurricane Katrina- August 2005
Cat 3
200 km/h
1,842 dead and 300bn in economic damage

Cyclone Nargis- May 2008
Cat 4
215 km/h
138,500 dead and 4bn in economic damage

19
Q

Give two examples of ways that people are attempting to limit human impacts in the Amazon Rainforest?

A

ACTO- 8 Brazilian countries- Latvia, Venezuela

Brazilian Forest Code- 50-80% of there land needs to remain as forest

20
Q

How much of the Holderness coastline is eroded annually and how much is eroded in a stormy year?

A

2metres/ annum

Large fetch and strong winds across the North Sea= 7metes/ annum

21
Q

Give three social impacts of the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake?

A

8th October 2005

3 million people made homeless
80,000 died
40,000 RELOCATED to a new town after the town “Bakalot” was destroyed

22
Q

Compare 2005 Katrina and 2008 Myanmar?

A

Katrina- 300bn in US dollars of damage
1,833 dead
30,000 made homeless
30 oil rigs destroyed on the Louisiana coast

Nargis- 4bn in US dollars of damage
more than 140,000 dead

23
Q

Evaluate the impacts of a Wildfire event?

A 
2009- Black September 
Victoria 
Millions of species burnt and killed 
4bn AUS dollars 
2000 houses burnt
24
Q

Physical and Human factors affecting the level of impacts within a hazardous environment?

A

PHYSICAL- nature of the plate boundary, additional hazards (tephra), lava type

HUMAN- warning systems, aid given from charities, risk sharing, populations BELEIFS and APPROACHES= “fatalism” and “cultural detriments”

25
Q

Human processes driving change in the carbon cycle?

A

= ANTHROPOGENIC
-farming practices- pedosphere, “enteric fermentation”
“Enteric methane emissions from ruminant animals raised for their meat and milk account for as much as 30% of global anthropogenic methane emissions”

-land use change- urban sprawl and suburbanisation
“slash and burn technique”

-Burning of hydrocarbons- 2013= 36Gc released globally

26
Q

Define sub-aerial weathering?

A

Subaerial processes are land-based processes and occur above the waterline.

They include weathering and mass movement, which happen on the cliff rocks.

These processes operate on the cliff lithology to weaken them and provide material for erosion (attrition)

27
Q

Difference between mechanical and chemical weathering?

SUB- ARIEL weathering

A

Mechanical= broken down WITHOUT change to chemical composition

Chemical= broken down WITH change to chemical composition
Hydroloisis= the breakdown of minerals to form new clay minerals
Cavitation= the breakdown of rocks due to rainfall- carbonic acid 
Oxidation= adds oxygen to minerals- IORN COMPOUNDS- eg: sandstone
28
Q

Give two ways that humans are attempting to conserve the Amazon Rainforest?

A

ACTO- 8 Amazonian countries- Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia

Brazilian Forest Code- 50-80% of land should remain as forest

29
Q

Give figures for average and largest rates of erosion at the Holderness coast?

A

Average: 2metres/ annum

Largest: in a stormy year when the North Sea fetch is large= 7metres/ annum

30
Q

Give statistics from the 2009, February Wildfires (Black Saturday Fires)?

A 
IMPACTS 
173 fatalities 
400 individual fires 
450,000 ha of land burnt 
RSPCA- over 1 million animals burnt
2009- created a new system called the FDI= the fire danger index

CASUSES
3 consecutive days above 43 degrees

REPONSES
10 billion tonnes of H20 shifted

31
Q

WFF facts about illegal logging in the Amazon?

A

WFF states that 80% of the Amazon Rainforest was illegally logged in the 1990’s

12/13 companies investigated proved to be engaging in illegal activities

32
Q

What is the large scale, Conservation International goal placed down in 2017?

A

Planned to take place over the next 6 years
73 million trees to be replanted
Replace the 20% of the Amazon that has been lost due to Agriculture in the last 40 years

33
Q

How would you draw out a Fjord?

A

LABELS: “flooded glacial valley, U shaped, Very deep water, Waterfalls flowing down valley sides”

Sognefjord, Norway is the longest (205km) and deepest (1308 metres) in Norway.

34
Q

Define negative and positive feedback?

A

With positive feedback impacts can be exacerbated once climate change starts to occur as natural processes
tend to compound one another,
increasing climatic instability and the likelihood of extreme conditions.

In contrast, negative feedback is likely
to have a more stabilising impact by depressing rates of the natural processes and moderating rates of atmospheric change.

35
Q

Explain the development of a saltmarsh environment?

A

ESTUARY- BEHIND A SPIT- “as the spit builds the area becomes sheltered”
Silt is deposited to form an inter-tidal mudflat
Flocculation- “WHICH IS the dropping of silt”
Halophytes

Vegetation which is highly adapted to environment colonises the mud
which itself traps further sediment (1).

36
Q

The formation/ development of Psammoseres?

A

SALTATION of sand particles
The grasses trap blowing sand and help to build up the dune. The
dunes in the foreground are smaller and appear to be more recently
colonised. The vegetation is more sparsely interspersed and appears
to be largely one species.
The root systems bind the sand particles together giving a more rigid structure

37
Q

Compare the use of an ICZM plan and a SMP?

A

-ICZM- holistically- new- in the last 30 years

  • SMP- hold the line, advance the line, managed retreat, do nothing
  • Usually associated with a greater COST
38
Q

Where are the main stores of carbon?

A
  1. 9% in sedimentary rocks in the lithosphere
  2. 004% in the biosphere
  3. 001% in the atmosphere
39
Q

What has been the increase of sea levels in the UK from 1960?

A

Taking into consideration land subsidence and climate induced levels the total net rise as has been estimated at 25cm from 1960 upon the UK coastlines

40
Q

Extra facts for Hurricane Katrina?

A

An “unprecedented cataclysm”
President Bush declared a state of emergency on the 27th of August
Levee system of New Orleans was only 60% complete- Scentific American coined the town a “disaster waiting to happen”

On the 7th of September 58bn was allocated from Federal Funds

41
Q

Extra facts for the 2009, Victoria Bushfires?

A 
Highest death toll in the countries history 
173
EUCALYPTUS forests 
40 degrees and low humidity 
1,500 farm buildings 
450,000 ha burnt 
4 million tonnes released

AFTER 2009 created a new warning system from the Bureau of Meteorology- FDI= “Fire Damage Index”

42
Q

Extra facts for the 2010, E15 eruption?

A

Lies West from it’s neighbour volcano Katla
Iceland= 35 active volcanoes
Airlines closed= lost 130 million dollars= largest shit down since WW2

43
Q

What are the secondary impacts of volcanoes?

A

LAHARS- Armero tragedy- Nevada Rel Ruiz- 1985
23,000 dead

TIDAL WAVE/ TSUNAMI- meets up to 15 metres

Y13 A Level Geography- Leathers (11 decks)

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