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Immunology > Response To Microbes > Flashcards

Response To Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

What attracts neutrophils

A

IL8/CXCL8

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2
Q

Primary viral infection

A

Virus (viral capsule and internal viral proteins) infects epithelial cells by binding to a viral receptor and then replicates amongst them

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3
Q

What is the effect of intracellular viral infection

A

Activation of cytokine and cytokine receptor genes, especially type I interferons (IFNa)

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4
Q

Secretion of IFN-a involves __ feed back loop

A

Autocrine

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5
Q

Local effects of IFNa

A

Inhibition of viral gene replication

Upregulation of MHCI

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6
Q

With intracellular viral infection, viral peptides will appear in ___ peptide binding groove

A

MHCI

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7
Q

Viral infection results in cell ___ and viral ___

A

Death

Replication

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8
Q

Viral components activate ___ cells and locally release cytokines and chemokines amplify the activation of ___ and ___

A

Denrtites

Macrophages and APC

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9
Q

What are the dendritic cells in skin

A

Langerhans

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10
Q

What do dendritic cells do

A

Engulf and transport to lymph nodes via lymphatics

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11
Q

Cytokines and chemokines upregulate endothelial cell expression of what

A

Adhesion molecules such as ICAM1

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12
Q

Il8/cxcl8

A

Begin to attract cells through the endothelium towards the site of infection

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13
Q

Locally released cytokines such as IL1 and TNFa from macrophages

A

Enter bloodstream and have systemic effects of fever and arthralgia/myalgia

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14
Q

Dendritic cells enter lymph nodes and move to __ __

A

Germinal center

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15
Q

Local inflammation has what effect on nodes

A

Upregulation of adhesion molecules on HEV and lymphocytes directly enter from the blood
Many lymphocytes becomes trapped in inflamed node
SWELLING , hyperaemia, tender

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16
Q

Dendrites and APC are surrounded int he lymph node germinal center by _ cells

A

T

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17
Q

T cellls possessing TCR complementraty to class IIMHC molecule/viral peptide complex are activated and become what

A

Helper T cell

18
Q

Virgin B cells acquiring viral particles through attachment to IgM or IgD process and present to ___, in turn to receive a positive growth and differentiation signals

A

TH2

19
Q

IgM antiviral antibody is produced as a result whilst some B cells differentiate and classs switch, leading later to production of high affinity __

A

IgG

20
Q

What surface molecules contribute to interaction of TCR with APC

A

CD4/MHCII and CD80/86 to CD28

21
Q

CTL recognize viral peptides cross presented by _

A

DC

22
Q

TH and CTL leave the lymph node via the draining lymphatics towards other lymph nodes, ultimately to enter the ___

A

Blood

23
Q

When TH and CTL leave node what are their attributes

A

Have virus specific TCR
Up regulation adhesion molecules to allow migration into the inflamed tissues
Upregulated cytokine production

24
Q

NK cells may be recruited at two points during viral infection

A

Early, innate antiviral role following activation by epithelium derived cytokines
Or latera stage activated by TH1 cells specific for virus

25
Q

Activated CTL kill virally infected cells

Local TH1 and TH2 calls now organize the local antiviral immune response

A

Ok

26
Q

Virus infected cells secrete and express viral proteins.

A

May be neutralized or removed by antibody in the form of immune complexes, which are cleared or antibody int he form of immune complexes, which are cleared, or antibody may be used to guide Fc receptor expressing NK cells

27
Q

After resolution of the viral infection, what is there

A

Virus specific memory t and B cells reside in nodes, spleen and bone marrow
Plasma cells

28
Q

Primarybacterial infection

A

Break in epithelial surface allows bacteria entry and proliferation

29
Q

Surface __ may activate the alternative complement pathway or mannan-binding lectin pathway leading to bacterial lysis

A

LPS

30
Q

Other complement activators

A

C reactive protein which binds bacterial coat polysaccharides

31
Q

Mas cell granulation does what

A

Enhances blood flow, edema

32
Q

How is increased blood flow and edema perceived

A

Itchiness and irritation int he inflamed area

33
Q

__, __ neutrophils adhere to the vein wall as locally released chemokines and bacterial derived molecules activate both the endothelium and the neutrophils, resulting in adhesion between the two

A

Rolling, marginating

34
Q

What bacterial products attract neutrophils

A

F-MLP, complement fragments like C5a and chemokines IL8/CXCL8

35
Q

Opsonised bacteria are rapidly engulfed and killed by ___

A

Neutrophils

36
Q

Dendritic cells do what

A

Engulf and internalize bacteria and are activated via pattern recognition receptors and migrate via the lymphatics

37
Q

Bacterial antigens are processed and presented in local lymph nodes

A

Ok

38
Q

__ cells are recruited and activated by APC in lymph node nad B cells, promoting the production of bacteria-specific antibodies

A

Th

39
Q

Naive T cells become differentiated towards TH1 and TH2 according to the dendritic cell signals

A

Initially IgM is produced followed by colonial expansion and switching to other classes

40
Q

Early antibacterial antibody is __

A

IgM

41
Q

IgM is a __ complement activator

A

Potent

42
Q

Following resolution of bacterial infection

A

Memory cells and production of antibody

Bacterial debris removed by local neutrophils or by antibody soluble immune complexes

Immunology (14 decks)

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