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Immunology > Anatomy And Cells Of The Immune System > Flashcards

Anatomy And Cells Of The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of precursor cells that give rise to cellular constituents of the immune system

A

Bone marrow, except for brief period in fetal life when the liver is the site of immune cell development

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2
Q

Haemopoiesis

A

Process by which all cells that circulate in the blood arose and mature

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3
Q

Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cell

A

Single precursor cell that is capable of giving rise to all blood cell lineages, ranging from platelets to lymphocytes

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4
Q

What can a pluripotent stem cell become

A

Erythrocytes, platelet, lymphocyte, granulocyte/monocyte

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5
Q

Where is the highest level of pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells (HSC)

A

Cord blood

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6
Q

Cord blood transplant?

A

Yea inject cord blood…there are umbilical cord blood banks to treat diseases in which new blood and immune cell precursors are required

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7
Q

Granulocytes constitute __% of white cells

A

65%

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8
Q

Why are granulocytes named so

A

Granulocytes in cytoplasm

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9
Q

Staining of basophils (.5-1% of granulocytes)

A

Intense blue

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10
Q

Staining of eosinophils (3-5% of granulocytes)

A

Red

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11
Q

Staining of neutrophils (90-95% of granulocytes)

A

Remain unstained

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12
Q

Polymorphonuclear cell

A

Term describing the multilobed nuclei of granulocytes

Synonymous with neutrophil

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13
Q

Granulocytes circulat in the blood and migrate into the tissues particularly during ____ responses

A

Inflammatory

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14
Q

Mast cell (granulocyte)

A

Fixed in tissue

Share common features with basophils but different lineage

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15
Q

Monocytes form -% of circulating white blood cells and have a ___ half life

A

5-10

Short 24 hours maybe

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16
Q

When a monocyte enters the extravascular pool and becomes resident in tissues, it is called a ____

A

Macrophage

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17
Q

Monocytes and macrophages are bigger or smaller than neutrophils and lymphocytes. Are they granular? What about their nucleu?

A

Bigger
Granular cytoplasm
Single nucleus

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18
Q

What are the specialized forms of mature monocyte/macrophages and where do they live

A 
Alveolar macrophages-lung
Kupffer cells-liver
Mesangial cells-kidney
Microglial cells-brain 
Osteoclasts-bone
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19
Q

Dendrites

A

Small population in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow and tissues
Have numerous cytoplasmic processes
Bone marrow derived
Activation and priming lymphocytes

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20
Q

Follicular dendritic cells

A

Specialized DC in the lymph nodes

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21
Q

Lymphocytes make up _ -_% of white cells

A

25-35

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22
Q

Blood ratio of B:T cells

A

1:5

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23
Q

How can you differentiate B and T cells

A

By highly specialized glycoproteins molecules on their surface

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24
Q

Where are lymphocytes found? Where are they from?

A

Found in blood, lymphoid organs or tissues and also sites of chronic inflammation
Precursor from bone marrow

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25
Q

B cell overview

A

Form and differentiate in bone marrow (liver in fetal life)
Released into circulation
Recognize antigens through antibody receptors
May mature to plasma cells

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26
Q

Plasma cell

A

Fixed in tissue and secretes antibodies

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27
Q

T cell overview

A

From bone marrow, mature in thyme
Recognize and kill foreign
Distinguish self from non self
Help with B cell function

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28
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Can lyse virus infected cells and tumor cells
Do not need education from the thymus (natural)
Identified by surface glycoproteins
Granular cytoplasm

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29
Q

Natural killer T cell

A

Characteristics of both nk and t

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30
Q

Difference between leukocyte and lymphocyte

A

Lymphocyte b, t, nk(more highly concentrated in lymph system)
Leukocyte-all wbc

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31
Q

How many lymphocytes in healthy adult

A

10^12 .1% renewed daily

32
Q

Recirculation of lymphocytes

A

Bt blood, tissues and lymphoid organs

Highly regulated process of immune surveillance

33
Q

How do lymphocytes return to blood from lymph

A

Thoracic duct

34
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

Sites of development and maturation of lymphocytes

35
Q

Remove primary lymphoid organs?

A

Can’t generate immune cells

36
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes and spleen not essential for generation bt have key role in maturation and development of immunity

37
Q

MALT (secondary)

A

Highly specialized lymph nodes
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Naso-pharyngeal lymph nodes

Tonsillar lymph nodes

Bronchial lymph nodes

38
Q

GALT (secondary)

A

Highly specialized lymph nodes
Gut associated lymphoid tissue

Peters patches

39
Q

Colony stimulating factors

A

Important for turning HSC into immune cells

40
Q

The thymus develops from what and when

A

3rd and 4ht pharyngeal pouches

6th week of life

41
Q

The thymus in proportion to body mass is largest at ___

A

Birth and decreases after

42
Q

What are the three major functions of secondary lymphoid organs

A

Residence for lymphoid cells (T, B, DC)
Traps for antigens
Anatomical site of immune response initiation

43
Q

How do lymphocytes and maturing DC enter lymph nodes

A

Lymphatics or blood

44
Q

Describe path of cell through lymph node

A

Afferent lymphatics->subscapular marginal sinus->cortex->medulla->efferent lymphatics->thoracic duct /venous system

45
Q

Cortex of lymph node

A

Has follicles, which are organized aggregates of lymphoid cells

46
Q

What are primary follicles in the cortex suggestive of and what are they

A

Resting state no recent immune activity

B cells, macrophages, and specialized DC with long cytoplasmic processes known as follicular dendritic cells

47
Q

What are secondary follicles int he cortex suggestive of and what are they

A

Stimulation of local immune response

Terminal center of follicle enlarges nand B cells undergo proliferation and differentiation. Get mail center is surrounded by a mantle of smaller resting B cells

48
Q

Paracortical area of node

A

T cells and specialized DC which are critical for T cell response

49
Q

Medulla of node

A

Medullary cords of lymphoid cells which become populated with plasma cells during immune reactions

50
Q

Naive lymphocytes express L selection . What is this for

A

Homing receptor for lymph nodes

51
Q

Where is the counter receptor for L selection

A

On large cuboidal endothelial cells present on specializes structures called high endothelial censuses

52
Q

What do lymphocytes require to react with high endothelial venues (HEHC)

A

L selectin

53
Q

A lymphocytein the gut will have receptors specific for HEV in GALT. What does this mean

A

High degree of organization in lymphoid system

54
Q

What is GALT

A

Composed o fpeyers patches and isolated lymphoid follicles in the gut submucosa

55
Q

What are Peyers patches

A

Lymphoid aggregates with follicles, germinal venters and a surrounding T cell area

56
Q

How do Peters patches differ from peripheral lymph nodes

A

Lack a capsule and afferent lymphatics …closely associated with intestinal lumen , separated from it by a specialized epithelial dome composed of cells capable of sampling the mileu within the gut

57
Q

If the lymph node is an antigen trap for tissues, the spleen is an antigen trap for ___

A

Blood

58
Q

The spleen has sponge like qualities. What does this do

A

Slows down blood to inspect

59
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

Lymphoid tissue

60
Q

Red pulp of spleen

A

Reticular tissue and sinuses bathed in blood

61
Q

The ___ of the spleen forms a scaffold on which the white and red pulps are hung

A

Vasculature

62
Q

What are arteries entering the white pulp surrounded by

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS)

A sleeve of lymphocytes, predominantly a T cell zone)

63
Q

How do lymphocytes enter the white pulp

A

Venule walls

64
Q

Does the spleen have HEV

A

No

65
Q

What is in PALS

A

Lymphoid follicles and germinal centers

66
Q

What about red pulp

A

Branches of arteries transport blood into the splenic venous sinus where its constituents interact with the marginal zone adjacent to the PALS

67
Q

What is in the marginal zone fo the spleen

A

Surrounds the PALS , rich in Macrophages and its proximity to T cells of PALS allows close interaction between these types of cells as blood filters slowly

68
Q

Is the spleen encapsulated

A

Yop

69
Q

Look at pictures

A

Ok

70
Q

The red pulp is an important site for removal of what

A

Effete and defective red and white bloood cells which are eaten by resident macrophages

71
Q

What does the spleen recycle

A

Iron in haemoglobin

72
Q

How may spleen be damaged

A

Disease, blunt trauma, too voracious in its appetite for effete platelets, leading to low levels in the circulation and an increased tendency to bleed

73
Q

What to do if spleen is damaged

A

Removal , plane to my

74
Q

Risk of removal of spleen

A

40 fold increase in incidence of severe microbial infection

17 fold increase in fatal sepsis

75
Q

What kind of organisms are of a particular issue if the spleen is out

A

Encapsulates such a strep pneumoiae

76
Q

What prophylactic vaccines should we give to patients without spleen

A

S pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenza, influenza virus

77
Q

Where do white blood cells become further specialized

A

Secondary organs

Immunology (14 decks)

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