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Anatomy And Cells Of The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of precursor cells that give rise to cellular constituents of the immune system

A

Bone marrow, except for brief period in fetal life when the liver is the site of immune cell development

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2
Q

Haemopoiesis

A

Process by which all cells that circulate in the blood arose and mature

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3
Q

Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cell

A

Single precursor cell that is capable of giving rise to all blood cell lineages, ranging from platelets to lymphocytes

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4
Q

What can a pluripotent stem cell become

A

Erythrocytes, platelet, lymphocyte, granulocyte/monocyte

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5
Q

Where is the highest level of pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells (HSC)

A

Cord blood

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6
Q

Cord blood transplant?

A

Yea inject cord blood…there are umbilical cord blood banks to treat diseases in which new blood and immune cell precursors are required

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7
Q

Granulocytes constitute __% of white cells

A

65%

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8
Q

Why are granulocytes named so

A

Granulocytes in cytoplasm

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9
Q

Staining of basophils (.5-1% of granulocytes)

A

Intense blue

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10
Q

Staining of eosinophils (3-5% of granulocytes)

A

Red

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11
Q

Staining of neutrophils (90-95% of granulocytes)

A

Remain unstained

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12
Q

Polymorphonuclear cell

A

Term describing the multilobed nuclei of granulocytes

Synonymous with neutrophil

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13
Q

Granulocytes circulat in the blood and migrate into the tissues particularly during ____ responses

A

Inflammatory

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14
Q

Mast cell (granulocyte)

A

Fixed in tissue

Share common features with basophils but different lineage

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15
Q

Monocytes form -% of circulating white blood cells and have a ___ half life

A

5-10

Short 24 hours maybe

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16
Q

When a monocyte enters the extravascular pool and becomes resident in tissues, it is called a ____

A

Macrophage

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17
Q

Monocytes and macrophages are bigger or smaller than neutrophils and lymphocytes. Are they granular? What about their nucleu?

A

Bigger
Granular cytoplasm
Single nucleus

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18
Q

What are the specialized forms of mature monocyte/macrophages and where do they live

A 
Alveolar macrophages-lung
Kupffer cells-liver
Mesangial cells-kidney
Microglial cells-brain 
Osteoclasts-bone
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19
Q

Dendrites

A

Small population in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow and tissues
Have numerous cytoplasmic processes
Bone marrow derived
Activation and priming lymphocytes

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20
Q

Follicular dendritic cells

A

Specialized DC in the lymph nodes

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21
Q

Lymphocytes make up _ -_% of white cells

A

25-35

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22
Q

Blood ratio of B:T cells

A

1:5

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23
Q

How can you differentiate B and T cells

A

By highly specialized glycoproteins molecules on their surface

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24
Q

Where are lymphocytes found? Where are they from?

A

Found in blood, lymphoid organs or tissues and also sites of chronic inflammation
Precursor from bone marrow

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25
B cell overview
Form and differentiate in bone marrow (liver in fetal life) Released into circulation Recognize antigens through antibody receptors May mature to plasma cells
26
Plasma cell
Fixed in tissue and secretes antibodies
27
T cell overview
From bone marrow, mature in thyme Recognize and kill foreign Distinguish self from non self Help with B cell function
28
Natural killer cells
Can lyse virus infected cells and tumor cells Do not need education from the thymus (natural) Identified by surface glycoproteins Granular cytoplasm
29
Natural killer T cell
Characteristics of both nk and t
30
Difference between leukocyte and lymphocyte
Lymphocyte b, t, nk(more highly concentrated in lymph system) Leukocyte-all wbc
31
How many lymphocytes in healthy adult
10^12 .1% renewed daily
32
Recirculation of lymphocytes
Bt blood, tissues and lymphoid organs | Highly regulated process of immune surveillance
33
How do lymphocytes return to blood from lymph
Thoracic duct
34
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus | Sites of development and maturation of lymphocytes
35
Remove primary lymphoid organs?
Can’t generate immune cells
36
Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes and spleen not essential for generation bt have key role in maturation and development of immunity
37
MALT (secondary)
Highly specialized lymph nodes Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue Naso-pharyngeal lymph nodes Tonsillar lymph nodes Bronchial lymph nodes
38
GALT (secondary)
Highly specialized lymph nodes Gut associated lymphoid tissue Peters patches
39
Colony stimulating factors
Important for turning HSC into immune cells
40
The thymus develops from what and when
3rd and 4ht pharyngeal pouches | 6th week of life
41
The thymus in proportion to body mass is largest at ___
Birth and decreases after
42
What are the three major functions of secondary lymphoid organs
Residence for lymphoid cells (T, B, DC) Traps for antigens Anatomical site of immune response initiation
43
How do lymphocytes and maturing DC enter lymph nodes
Lymphatics or blood
44
Describe path of cell through lymph node
Afferent lymphatics->subscapular marginal sinus->cortex->medulla->efferent lymphatics->thoracic duct /venous system
45
Cortex of lymph node
Has follicles, which are organized aggregates of lymphoid cells
46
What are primary follicles in the cortex suggestive of and what are they
Resting state no recent immune activity B cells, macrophages, and specialized DC with long cytoplasmic processes known as follicular dendritic cells
47
What are secondary follicles int he cortex suggestive of and what are they
Stimulation of local immune response Terminal center of follicle enlarges nand B cells undergo proliferation and differentiation. Get mail center is surrounded by a mantle of smaller resting B cells
48
Paracortical area of node
T cells and specialized DC which are critical for T cell response
49
Medulla of node
Medullary cords of lymphoid cells which become populated with plasma cells during immune reactions
50
Naive lymphocytes express L selection . What is this for
Homing receptor for lymph nodes
51
Where is the counter receptor for L selection
On large cuboidal endothelial cells present on specializes structures called high endothelial censuses
52
What do lymphocytes require to react with high endothelial venues (HEHC)
L selectin
53
A lymphocytein the gut will have receptors specific for HEV in GALT. What does this mean
High degree of organization in lymphoid system
54
What is GALT
Composed o fpeyers patches and isolated lymphoid follicles in the gut submucosa
55
What are Peyers patches
Lymphoid aggregates with follicles, germinal venters and a surrounding T cell area
56
How do Peters patches differ from peripheral lymph nodes
Lack a capsule and afferent lymphatics ...closely associated with intestinal lumen , separated from it by a specialized epithelial dome composed of cells capable of sampling the mileu within the gut
57
If the lymph node is an antigen trap for tissues, the spleen is an antigen trap for ___
Blood
58
The spleen has sponge like qualities. What does this do
Slows down blood to inspect
59
White pulp of spleen
Lymphoid tissue
60
Red pulp of spleen
Reticular tissue and sinuses bathed in blood
61
The ___ of the spleen forms a scaffold on which the white and red pulps are hung
Vasculature
62
What are arteries entering the white pulp surrounded by
Periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) A sleeve of lymphocytes, predominantly a T cell zone)
63
How do lymphocytes enter the white pulp
Venule walls
64
Does the spleen have HEV
No
65
What is in PALS
Lymphoid follicles and germinal centers
66
What about red pulp
Branches of arteries transport blood into the splenic venous sinus where its constituents interact with the marginal zone adjacent to the PALS
67
What is in the marginal zone fo the spleen
Surrounds the PALS , rich in Macrophages and its proximity to T cells of PALS allows close interaction between these types of cells as blood filters slowly
68
Is the spleen encapsulated
Yop
69
Look at pictures
Ok
70
The red pulp is an important site for removal of what
Effete and defective red and white bloood cells which are eaten by resident macrophages
71
What does the spleen recycle
Iron in haemoglobin
72
How may spleen be damaged
Disease, blunt trauma, too voracious in its appetite for effete platelets, leading to low levels in the circulation and an increased tendency to bleed
73
What to do if spleen is damaged
Removal , plane to my
74
Risk of removal of spleen
40 fold increase in incidence of severe microbial infection | 17 fold increase in fatal sepsis
75
What kind of organisms are of a particular issue if the spleen is out
Encapsulates such a strep pneumoiae
76
What prophylactic vaccines should we give to patients without spleen
S pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenza, influenza virus
77
Where do white blood cells become further specialized
Secondary organs

Immunology (14 decks)

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