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Immunology > Innate Immunity: Physical And Humoral Protection > Flashcards

Innate Immunity: Physical And Humoral Protection Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity present at birth is termed ___

A

Innate

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2
Q

What does the innate system do

A

First line of defense

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3
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity

A

Present for life
No specificity
No memory (exception babies and antibodies)

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4
Q

What are innate responses most useful in protection against

A

Progenitor organisms -staph aureus, haemophilus influenza
Fungi (candida)
Multicellular parasites(ascaris)

Bacteria, intracellular infection, virus and Protozoa

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5
Q

What makes up the innate immune system :physiochemical

A

Skin, mucosae, secretions (tears and saliva, acids in stomach)
Cilia(move debris and foreign matter)

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6
Q

What makes up the innate immune system : humoral

A

Complement, mannaa-binding leptin, opsonins (c reactive protein)
Proteolytic enzymes

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7
Q

What makes up the innate system : cellular components

A

Neutrophil, eosinophilia, mast cell, NK cell

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8
Q

What are the two antibacterial agents in serum

A

Antibody and complement

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9
Q

What if have antibody and no complement

A

Agglutinate but no lyse

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10
Q

If have complements and antibody

A

Agglutinate and lyse

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11
Q

Why is complement innate immunity

A

Can be activated by pathogenic organisms directly, without need for antibody…..alternative pathway
It is a component of the innate immune system

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12
Q

Antibodies provide the innate immune system with specificity. How

A

Granulocytes and mast cells bear antibody receptors, trough interaction with complement and cells, can use
Innate and acquired work best together

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13
Q

Complement components are made in the ___

A

Liver , sometimes macrophages

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14
Q

What are the four complement pathways

A

Alternative, classic, and mannan-binding lectin

All capable of igniting the third pathway, the common or membrane attack pathway

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15
Q

The majority of complement proteins are soluble…circulating in their ___ form

A

Inactive

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16
Q

As complement proteins are activated, they ____ the conversion of others

A

Conversion

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17
Q

What biological activities appear as a consequence of complement activation

A

Bacterial lysis, production of pro inflammatory mediators…., solubilisation of antigen-antibody complexes

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18
Q

__ ___ is through to. Account for the striking similarities in the structure of proteins in the classical and alternative pathways

A

Gene duplication

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19
Q

How is the classical pathway activated

A

Interaction between antigen and antibody forming an immune complex
Antibodies bind to and fix complement after reacting with an antigen(ONLY AFTER)

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20
Q

The formation of the immune complex provokes a conformational change in the antibody molecule that discloses a site for binding of ___

A

C1

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21
Q

What is c1

A

Multimeric compound composed of six molecules termed c1q, and 2 c1s and 2 c1r (these 4 molecules attach to calcium dependent interaction)

C1qr2s2

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22
Q

What is c1q

A

Elongated protein with a rod like stem composed of a triple helical structure and a globular head resembling a tulip. The globular head binds antibody

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23
Q

What happens when antibody binds to two or more heads of c1q

A

C1r is cleaved to give an active molecule, ____, which cleaves c1s.

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24
Q

What does c1s do

A

Cleaning c4 into c4b and c4a

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25
Q

C4b

A

Reveals an internal thioester bond, which is swiftly inactivated by binding water molecules unless it can form covalent bonds with cell surface proteins or carbs. Should this happen, c4b becomes stable and binds c3 in a magnesium dependent reaction

  • control over complement cascade
  • enxymatically active molecules are unstable and tend to degrade unless a solid surface is available such as bacteria
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26
Q

C4b and C2 join..then what

A

C2 is cleaved by c1s to form c4b2b, known as the classical pathway c3 convertase

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27
Q

C3

A

Has an internal thioester bond like c4

Cleaved to c3a and c3b

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28
Q

C3a

A

Smaller

Biological properties

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29
Q

C3b

A

Bigger, Labile binding site allows it to bind to membranes close to but distinct from c4b2b

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30
Q

What forms from binding of c3bb to c4b2b kind

A

C4b2b3b *the classical pathway c5 converatse)

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31
Q

What does c4b2b3b cleave

A

C5 , which is a component of the membrane attack pathway

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32
Q

In addition to antigen antibody complexes, what can activate the classical pathway

A

Aggregated immunoglobins and non-immunological stimuli like c reactive protein

33
Q

Mannan binding lectin pathway

A

Man an bind lectin forms a bunch of tulips like c1q, allowing two serine proteases to bind to the stalks (MASPs 1 and 2)

34
Q

What do MASP 1 and 2 do

A

Activate c4

35
Q

What is a requirement for the alternative pathway

A

Availability of c3b

36
Q

How is the requirement of c3b fulfilled

A

Internal thioester bond which undergoes low grade hydrolysis

37
Q

What does free c3b bind

A

Factor B to become c3bB, and Ba to become C3bBb

38
Q

What does C3bBb do

A

Cleave c3, detaching c3a from c3b which reinitiate activation process

39
Q

What does factor P do

A

Stabilizes C3bBb and makes it more efficient making C3bBbP

40
Q

What does C3bBbP do

A

Generates more c3b (positive feedback)

And making C3bBb3b

41
Q

What is C3bBb3b

A

Analogous to C4b2b3b, cleaves c5 initiating the MAC

42
Q

Membrane attack pathway

A

C5->c5a and c5b

43
Q

What does c5b do

A

Binds c6 and inducing it to express a labile reactive site for c7 making c5b67

44
Q

What does C5b67 do

A

Highly lipophilic and binds to membranes where it lies as a high affinity receptor for C8 making c5b678

45
Q

What does c5b678 do

A

Bind and polymerize c9, forming MAC

12-15 c9cluster around one c5b678 insetting into and transversing the membrane bilayer

46
Q

MAC complex

A

Holes in the membrane and if sufficient number are created, death resulting from osmotic lysis

47
Q

How is the complement activation kept in check

A

Control mechanisms

48
Q

C1 inhibitor (c1 esterase)

A

Protein in blood that blocks the enzymatic function of activated c1 by combining with it in an irreversible stoichiometric complex

49
Q

Factor 1

A

In circulation degrades c3b

Destroy c4b

50
Q

Factor H

A

Binds c3b and accelerates the destructive action of factor I

51
Q

The destruction of c4b by factor I is enhanced by what

A

If c4b is bound to c4 binding protein C4bp

52
Q

Protein S and SP-40,40

A

Can both bind C567 and making inactive preventing MAC

53
Q

Carboxypeptidase N

A

Cleaves the carboxy-terminal arginine from c3a, c4a and c5a(c5a-des arg) are inactivated

54
Q

CD59 or protectin

A

Exemplifies membrane bound control proteins, inhibiting MAC

55
Q

CD59

A

Constituitively expressed on mammalian cells, interferes with MAC insertion, thus preventing cell lysis.

Not on bacteria

56
Q

DAF (decay accelerating factor

A

Transmembrane glycoproteins found on most bloodcells, competes for c4b, inhibiting formation fo the classical pathway c3 convertase

57
Q

What is CD

A

Cluster of differentiation

Identify surface molecules

58
Q

CR-1

A

CD35, on erythrocytes, granulocytes and monocytes, binds c3b and c4b,
Enhances clearance of immune complexes in erythrocytes
Enhances phagocytosis in granulocytes and monocytes

59
Q

CR-2

A 
CD21
On B cells
Binds C3d and iC3b
Activates B cells
Is hte receptor for EBV
60
Q

CR-3

A

CD11b/CD18
On monocytes and granulocytes
Binds iC3b and C3b
For cell adhesion

61
Q

CR-4

A

CD11c/CD18
On neutrophils, monocytes, and DC
Binds ic3b and C3b
Enhances phagocytosis

62
Q

C3a/c4a receptor

A

On mast cells and basophils
Bind c3a and c4a
Degranulation

63
Q

C5a receptor

A 
Cd88
On mast and basophils(degranulation)
Neutrophils(chemotactic)
Endothelial cells(increase vascular permeability)
Binds c5a, c5a-des arg
64
Q

___ accounts for most of the complement opsonic activity

A

C3b

65
Q

What happens when organisms are coated wit c3b

A

Presence of CR1, 3, 4 on neutrophils can result in more efficient engulfement

66
Q

What are c4a, c3a, and c5a known as

A

Anaphylatoxins

Bind to mast and basophils

67
Q

C3a is also

A

Chemotactic -attracts neutrophils

C5a to a lesser extend can do this too

68
Q

Immune complexes for in circulation continuously in small numbers, which increases in infection. These are potentially harmful since htey can be deposited in vessels or tissues and activate complement and inflammation. Are we more worries about big or small

A

Big more likely to become insoluble and fixed in tissue

69
Q

How do we prevent immune complex damage

A

Complement! Can keep immune complexes in solution and expedite their removal

70
Q

The covalent binding of ___ to antibody complex inhibits lattice formation and maintains solubility

A

C3b

71
Q

In addition c3b coated complexes attach to ______, which acts to remove them from circulation via liver and spleen , where they are released and taken up by resident macrophages

A

Ery-throcyte CR-1

72
Q

C reactive protein (CRP)

A

Bind C polysaccharide of pneumococcus

Made by liver and binds directly to bacterial cell walls, activating complement through the classical pathway

73
Q

CRP blood levels rise 10-100 fold when?

A

Within hours of the start of an infective or inflammatory process

74
Q

Why is CRP good for monitoring infective or inflammatory processes

A

Very short half life

75
Q

What disease may we use CRP to monitor

A

RA

76
Q

Fibronectin

A

Circulating protein capable of binding bacteria, particularly stsaphylococci and streptococci and ALSO macrophages and monocytes

77
Q

Function of fibronectin

A

Enhances clearance of bacteria, staph and strep

78
Q

Fibronectin levels ___ during infection and can be used to monitor disease (premature babies)

A

Decline

79
Q

Lysozyme

A

Bactericidal enzyme secreted in saliva, tears and other fluids
Present in neutrophil granules
Cleaves bacterial cell wall proteoglycans at a precise point, breaking the bonds between N-acetylglucosamina and N acetylmuraminic acid

Immunology (14 decks)

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