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Innate Immunity: Physical And Humoral Protection Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity present at birth is termed ___

A

Innate

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2
Q

What does the innate system do

A

First line of defense

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3
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity

A

Present for life
No specificity
No memory (exception babies and antibodies)

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4
Q

What are innate responses most useful in protection against

A

Progenitor organisms -staph aureus, haemophilus influenza
Fungi (candida)
Multicellular parasites(ascaris)

Bacteria, intracellular infection, virus and Protozoa

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5
Q

What makes up the innate immune system :physiochemical

A

Skin, mucosae, secretions (tears and saliva, acids in stomach)
Cilia(move debris and foreign matter)

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6
Q

What makes up the innate immune system : humoral

A

Complement, mannaa-binding leptin, opsonins (c reactive protein)
Proteolytic enzymes

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7
Q

What makes up the innate system : cellular components

A

Neutrophil, eosinophilia, mast cell, NK cell

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8
Q

What are the two antibacterial agents in serum

A

Antibody and complement

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9
Q

What if have antibody and no complement

A

Agglutinate but no lyse

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10
Q

If have complements and antibody

A

Agglutinate and lyse

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11
Q

Why is complement innate immunity

A

Can be activated by pathogenic organisms directly, without need for antibody…..alternative pathway
It is a component of the innate immune system

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12
Q

Antibodies provide the innate immune system with specificity. How

A

Granulocytes and mast cells bear antibody receptors, trough interaction with complement and cells, can use
Innate and acquired work best together

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13
Q

Complement components are made in the ___

A

Liver , sometimes macrophages

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14
Q

What are the four complement pathways

A

Alternative, classic, and mannan-binding lectin

All capable of igniting the third pathway, the common or membrane attack pathway

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15
Q

The majority of complement proteins are soluble…circulating in their ___ form

A

Inactive

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16
Q

As complement proteins are activated, they ____ the conversion of others

A

Conversion

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17
Q

What biological activities appear as a consequence of complement activation

A

Bacterial lysis, production of pro inflammatory mediators…., solubilisation of antigen-antibody complexes

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18
Q

__ ___ is through to. Account for the striking similarities in the structure of proteins in the classical and alternative pathways

A

Gene duplication

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19
Q

How is the classical pathway activated

A

Interaction between antigen and antibody forming an immune complex
Antibodies bind to and fix complement after reacting with an antigen(ONLY AFTER)

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20
Q

The formation of the immune complex provokes a conformational change in the antibody molecule that discloses a site for binding of ___

A

C1

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21
Q

What is c1

A

Multimeric compound composed of six molecules termed c1q, and 2 c1s and 2 c1r (these 4 molecules attach to calcium dependent interaction)

C1qr2s2

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22
Q

What is c1q

A

Elongated protein with a rod like stem composed of a triple helical structure and a globular head resembling a tulip. The globular head binds antibody

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23
Q

What happens when antibody binds to two or more heads of c1q

A

C1r is cleaved to give an active molecule, ____, which cleaves c1s.

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24
Q

What does c1s do

A

Cleaning c4 into c4b and c4a

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25
C4b
Reveals an internal thioester bond, which is swiftly inactivated by binding water molecules unless it can form covalent bonds with cell surface proteins or carbs. Should this happen, c4b becomes stable and binds c3 in a magnesium dependent reaction - control over complement cascade - enxymatically active molecules are unstable and tend to degrade unless a solid surface is available such as bacteria
26
C4b and C2 join..then what
C2 is cleaved by c1s to form c4b2b, known as the classical pathway c3 convertase
27
C3
Has an internal thioester bond like c4 | Cleaved to c3a and c3b
28
C3a
Smaller | Biological properties
29
C3b
Bigger, Labile binding site allows it to bind to membranes close to but distinct from c4b2b
30
What forms from binding of c3bb to c4b2b kind
C4b2b3b *the classical pathway c5 converatse)
31
What does c4b2b3b cleave
C5 , which is a component of the membrane attack pathway
32
In addition to antigen antibody complexes, what can activate the classical pathway
Aggregated immunoglobins and non-immunological stimuli like c reactive protein
33
Mannan binding lectin pathway
Man an bind lectin forms a bunch of tulips like c1q, allowing two serine proteases to bind to the stalks (MASPs 1 and 2)
34
What do MASP 1 and 2 do
Activate c4
35
What is a requirement for the alternative pathway
Availability of c3b
36
How is the requirement of c3b fulfilled
Internal thioester bond which undergoes low grade hydrolysis
37
What does free c3b bind
Factor B to become c3bB, and Ba to become C3bBb
38
What does C3bBb do
Cleave c3, detaching c3a from c3b which reinitiate activation process
39
What does factor P do
Stabilizes C3bBb and makes it more efficient making C3bBbP
40
What does C3bBbP do
Generates more c3b (positive feedback) | And making C3bBb3b
41
What is C3bBb3b
Analogous to C4b2b3b, cleaves c5 initiating the MAC
42
Membrane attack pathway
C5->c5a and c5b
43
What does c5b do
Binds c6 and inducing it to express a labile reactive site for c7 making c5b67
44
What does C5b67 do
Highly lipophilic and binds to membranes where it lies as a high affinity receptor for C8 making c5b678
45
What does c5b678 do
Bind and polymerize c9, forming MAC 12-15 c9cluster around one c5b678 insetting into and transversing the membrane bilayer
46
MAC complex
Holes in the membrane and if sufficient number are created, death resulting from osmotic lysis
47
How is the complement activation kept in check
Control mechanisms
48
C1 inhibitor (c1 esterase)
Protein in blood that blocks the enzymatic function of activated c1 by combining with it in an irreversible stoichiometric complex
49
Factor 1
In circulation degrades c3b Destroy c4b
50
Factor H
Binds c3b and accelerates the destructive action of factor I
51
The destruction of c4b by factor I is enhanced by what
If c4b is bound to c4 binding protein C4bp
52
Protein S and SP-40,40
Can both bind C567 and making inactive preventing MAC
53
Carboxypeptidase N
Cleaves the carboxy-terminal arginine from c3a, c4a and c5a(c5a-des arg) are inactivated
54
CD59 or protectin
Exemplifies membrane bound control proteins, inhibiting MAC
55
CD59
Constituitively expressed on mammalian cells, interferes with MAC insertion, thus preventing cell lysis. Not on bacteria
56
DAF (decay accelerating factor
Transmembrane glycoproteins found on most bloodcells, competes for c4b, inhibiting formation fo the classical pathway c3 convertase
57
What is CD
Cluster of differentiation | Identify surface molecules
58
CR-1
CD35, on erythrocytes, granulocytes and monocytes, binds c3b and c4b, Enhances clearance of immune complexes in erythrocytes Enhances phagocytosis in granulocytes and monocytes
59
CR-2
``` CD21 On B cells Binds C3d and iC3b Activates B cells Is hte receptor for EBV ```
60
CR-3
CD11b/CD18 On monocytes and granulocytes Binds iC3b and C3b For cell adhesion
61
CR-4
CD11c/CD18 On neutrophils, monocytes, and DC Binds ic3b and C3b Enhances phagocytosis
62
C3a/c4a receptor
On mast cells and basophils Bind c3a and c4a Degranulation
63
C5a receptor
``` Cd88 On mast and basophils(degranulation) Neutrophils(chemotactic) Endothelial cells(increase vascular permeability) Binds c5a, c5a-des arg ```
64
___ accounts for most of the complement opsonic activity
C3b
65
What happens when organisms are coated wit c3b
Presence of CR1, 3, 4 on neutrophils can result in more efficient engulfement
66
What are c4a, c3a, and c5a known as
Anaphylatoxins | Bind to mast and basophils
67
C3a is also
Chemotactic -attracts neutrophils | C5a to a lesser extend can do this too
68
Immune complexes for in circulation continuously in small numbers, which increases in infection. These are potentially harmful since htey can be deposited in vessels or tissues and activate complement and inflammation. Are we more worries about big or small
Big more likely to become insoluble and fixed in tissue
69
How do we prevent immune complex damage
Complement! Can keep immune complexes in solution and expedite their removal
70
The covalent binding of ___ to antibody complex inhibits lattice formation and maintains solubility
C3b
71
In addition c3b coated complexes attach to ______, which acts to remove them from circulation via liver and spleen , where they are released and taken up by resident macrophages
Ery-throcyte CR-1
72
C reactive protein (CRP)
Bind C polysaccharide of pneumococcus | Made by liver and binds directly to bacterial cell walls, activating complement through the classical pathway
73
CRP blood levels rise 10-100 fold when?
Within hours of the start of an infective or inflammatory process
74
Why is CRP good for monitoring infective or inflammatory processes
Very short half life
75
What disease may we use CRP to monitor
RA
76
Fibronectin
Circulating protein capable of binding bacteria, particularly stsaphylococci and streptococci and ALSO macrophages and monocytes
77
Function of fibronectin
Enhances clearance of bacteria, staph and strep
78
Fibronectin levels ___ during infection and can be used to monitor disease (premature babies)
Decline
79
Lysozyme
Bactericidal enzyme secreted in saliva, tears and other fluids Present in neutrophil granules Cleaves bacterial cell wall proteoglycans at a precise point, breaking the bonds between N-acetylglucosamina and N acetylmuraminic acid

Immunology (14 decks)

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