Response time and anticipation Flashcards
What is response time?
The time from stimulus being given to the end of the response
Time from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of the task
Once the action has been completed – the response is completed
Response Time = Reaction Time + Movement Time
What is reaction time?
Reaction Time: the time taken to make the decision, ‘the time from the identification of the stimulus to the onset of the movement’
Hearing the gun and initiating the start to move out of the blocks
Largely genetic
What is reaction time influenced by?
Knowledge / experience Intensity of stimulus Anticipation Amount of choices / information Males tend to have faster reaction times than females, reaction time slows as you get older
What is the single channel hypothesis?
Only process one stimulus at the time once it has been attended to, this leads to PRP if second stimulus is presented
What are the two types of reaction time?
Choice reaction time and simple reaction time
What is choice reaction time?
The time taken between the stimulus and action which requires a choice
Very common in sport
Example: Basketball player deciding whether to pass, shoot, dribble.
What is simple reaction time?
The time taken to start a single response to a single stimulus
Is quicker than choice reaction time
Example: Sprinter reacting to the gun
What is movement time?
The time from the start of the response or movement to the end of action / movement
The time from the start to the completion of the task
From the start of the dive (pushing of the blocks) to entering the water in a swimming race start
What influences movement time?
Muscle fibre types and strength
Level of learning
Can be improved through practice
What does Hick’s law suggest?
That as the number of stimulus increase so does the reaction time!
What is anticipation?
Skilled performers appear to have more time in which to complete their skills
The skilled performer uses their past experiences to anticipate what is going to happen and actually processes information before the event, thus saving time
Recognise specific cues, predict actions of opponent
All past experiences are stored in the LTM
What are the two types of anticipation?
Spatial and temporal
What is spatial anticipation?
Predicting what will happen.
Example: You detect a change in overhead clear technique and know it will result in a drop shot
What is temporal anticipation?
Predicting when the action will happen
Example: Trying to guess the timing of a pass, and moving up to intercept the ball.
Why is temporal anticipation dangerous?
If a player guesses the movement and it is a dummy
or fake.
What is the psychological refactory period?
‘A refractory period is a moment in time when no
work can be done.‘
For example: Taking a picture with a camera - there is a moment in time when you cannot take another photo, because the flash is recharging and the film winding on.
A Gun Shot with Bolt Action Shot Gun - Time between shots.
What are the practical implications of anticipation?
If a performer can fake / dummy, the opponent will be unable to clear first stimulus in time, causing a delay in response time
This creates a clear advantage allowing move to be completed with less pressure
Penalty in football, goalkeeper has to dive before they can then move another body part
How can you increase response time?
Mental practice
Train with specific game related stimulus
Focus and concentrate to be able to pick stimulus quicker
Improve fitness (response time due to improving movement time)
Utilise anticipation
