Practice and feedback Flashcards
What are the four types of practice?
Massed, distributed, varied and mental practice
What are the three types of methods of practice?
Whole, whole-part-whole and progressive
What is whole practice?
Involves performing the skill in its entirety without breaking it into sub-routines
Why is whole practice an ideal way to teach a skill?
It promotes understanding
Establishes the links between sub-routines and creates fluency
When is whole practice used?
The skill is fast and ballistic.
The skill is highly organised and cannot be broken down.
The skill is simple.
The skill is discrete
The feel (kinaesthesis) of the whole task is required.
The performer is advanced (at the autonomous stage of learning).
The links between sub-routines need to be maintained.
Transfer is important – this method is more realistic than part-practice.
Consistency is required.
Motor programmes need to be developed.
It is desirable that the skill becomes habitual
What is an example of whole practice?
Golf swing (played by an experienced player because it is discrete, fast, hard to breakdown)
What are the advantages of whole practice?
It gives a feel for the whole skill
Links between the subroutines are maintained
Allows the movement to be more fluent
Reduces time needed to perfect the skill
It helps create specific images that can be stored as a motor programme (in long term memory) containing a mental image of the skill
More realistic – promoting positive transfer between skill learnt in practice and performed in a game
What are the disadvantages of whole practice?
Performer may not be able to cope with all aspects of the skill at once (especially if they are beginners)
Performers quickly fatigue
Information overload
What are factors to consider when choosing a method of practice?
Stage of learning Fitness Motivation Skill classification Time available Safety of skill
What is whole-part whole method of practice?
Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practise, then putting the skill back together
How does the whole-part-whole method of practice work?
Performer attempts the whole skill to get a feel for the movement
The skill is then broken down into parts
Each part of the task is practised individually
Or if it is an existing skill specific weaknesses are
Highlighted
Practised separately
Put back in whole skill
When is the whole-part-whole method of practice used?
Beginner
Complex task
Allows them to concentrate on one part of skill – to get it right
Highly organised (difficult to breakdown)
Coach concentrates of one aspect at a time
Coaches highlights weaknesses and then correct it
Can also be used with better performer who has a specific weakness
What is an example of whole-part-whole method of practice?
When practising the Tennis Serve the coach can take out the ball toss
What are the advantages of the whole-part-whole method of practice?
Provides motivation when success is achieved and a long standing weakness is overcome
Provides immediate feedback
Corrects errors
Improves performance
It maintains the feel for the whole skill
And the transition between the components
Improves the selected weakness and allows it to be integrated into the whole action
What are the disadvantages of the whole-part-whole method of practice?
May produce negative transfer if done incorrectly (i.e. doesn’t integrate back into the skill at the end)
As soon as the weakness is rectified it needs replacing as soon as possible
More time consuming than just doing whole skill
