Learning Theories Flashcards
What is schema?
All of the information needed to make a movement decision. It is stored in the brain as a long-term memory. This states that we store a generalised series of movement patterns. These patterns are adapted to the current environment and situation.
What are the two categories of schema?
Recall and Recognition
What is the purpose of recall schema?
To initiate movement
What is the purpose of recognition schema?
To control movement
What are the four parts of schema?
Initial conditions, response specification, sensory consequence and response outcome
What can the coach do to improve schema?
Vary practice, vary the ball type, basic to complex, feedback, praise, range of practice, make sure practice is transferable to game
What is Behaviourism: Operant Conditioning?
A learning bond is a link that connects the stimulus with the response (S-R bond)
How does operant conditioning work?
The bond is strengthened by reinforcement. Stimulus – Response (S-R theory) .We become conditioned to give a particular response to a particular stimulus. We learn to respond to certain things in certain ways.
Stronger the link – more likely the response
What are the four ways of reinforcing the s-r bond?
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and trial and error.
How does positive reinforcement work?
- Reward correct response
- Extrinsic
- Success = intrinsic reward as well
- Motivation is created to repeat Response
How does negative reinforcement work?
The coach saying nothing when a correct action is shown. This must follow a period of criticism about an incorrect performance
How does punishment work?
Seeks to break the S-R bond
Giving a punishment to the response
How does trial and error work?
Coach gives a demonstration and the performer copies until they get it right.
What can the coach do to increase the s-r bond?
Shape behaviour by manipulating the environment-Use target areas or feeders
Rewards / praise, Negative reinforcement, Punishment
What is social learning/observational theory?
The watching of others to help gain or improve a skill
What must the coach do to ensure the demonstration works?
It is relevant to learner
The accuracy of demonstration
Status of role model is high
Point of observation is varied and clear
What is required for an effective demonstration?
Attributes and characteristics of model Physical and Psychological readiness of learner Motivation of learner to attend model Relevant Consistent Powerful visually and physically Reinforced
What are the four factors of social learning theory?
Attention, retention, motor production and motivation
Define attention
Making the demonstration attractive to the performer
Define retention
Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it
Define motor production
Having the mental and physical ability to do the task
Define motivation
Having the drive to do the task
What are the learner and coach doing for attention factor of social learning theory?
The learner must focus attention on the model
The coach can highlight the key areas of the skill
What are the learner and coach doing for the retention factor of social learning theory?
The learner must remember the image
The coach should give a clear, correct image so that it can be remembered.
What are the learner and coach doing for the motor production factor of social learning theory?
The learner must have the necessary ability and skill to replicate the demonstration
The coach should make sure the performer is physically capable of performing the skill
What are the learner and coach doing for the motivation factor of social learning theory?
The learner must have the determination to learn
The coach can reward or praise the performer to create the drive to learn
What can the coach do to help social learning?
Perfect / accurate demonstration;
Frequent practices / rehearsals / over-learning;
Minimal delay between demonstration and practice;
Highlight cues / verbal repetition of key learning points;
Emphasise need to feel correct movements / attend to kinaesthesis;
Use of imagery / mental practice / rehearsal;
Transfer from previously learned skill;
Fun / enjoyable / relevant / realistic / interesting;
Demonstration by role model / significant other / similar age / ability;
Audience can see / hear;
(With complex skill) – use different angles / slo-mo / video / repeat demonstration.
What is cognitive insight theory?
Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
What are the key points to cognitive insight theory?
Skills should be taught in their entirety rather than being broken-down down into subroutines
By using the whole learning, the performer gains greater understanding of the skill and develops kinaesthesis of the whole skill
Performers should think about what is required and consider intervening variables (problems that can hinder performance)
Performers should use memory or insight of similar situations to help them grasp the task, and use previous experience to help with the current task
Performers should use perception to make a judgement and interpret the information available
Coach questions performer about why they’re performing in a particular way.
Experiences the ‘whole’ activity rather than skills in isolation.
What are the benefits of cognitive insight theory?
Allows learners to develop their own strategies and / or routes of understanding;
Better for the performer rather than being told what to do all the time
Performer able to adjust movements as required;
Improves motivation.
Understanding the process to achieve the result / why / reasons you do things.
What can the coach do to help insight learning?
Coach questions performer about why they’re performing in a particular way.
Experiences the ‘whole’ activity rather than skills in isolation.
Whole = key word.
Allows learners to develop their own strategies and / or routes of understanding;
Better for the performer rather than being told what to do all the time;
Must follow from the correct insight learning theory.
Performer able to adjust movements as required;
Improves motivation.
What is Vygotsky’s constructivism: social development theory?
learning by associating with others
What is the base theory ofVygotsky’s constructivism: social development theory?
Using a MKO = ‘more knowledgeable other’
To build
Work with others to develop skills:
Learn from them and add to your skill set
Self assess level working at and how to move to next level
What is intra-psychological learning?
Learning from others externally, learning using others or an MKO to develop knowledge
Learning from a coach
What do learners get from a more knowledgeable other?
Advice, feedback and tactical knowledge
What is Intra-psychological learning?
The process of internal analysis following MKO advice
What are Vygotsky’s s three stages to learning?
What can I do alone?
What can I do with help?
What can I not do yet?
