Information processing and decision making Flashcards
What is information processing?
Taking account of the sporting environment to make decisions prior to a response, The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised
What are the four stages of information processing?
Input, decision making, output and feedback
What is input?
Performer uses senses to pick up information from the sporting environment (display)
What are our five senses?
Visual, auditory, kinaesthesis, touch and balance
What is decision making?
Performer needs to use all the information gathered by the senses to make a decision.
Which senses contribute towards our proprioceptors?
Balance, kinaesthesis and touch
What is selective attention?
Filtering of relevant information from irrelevant information
The process of picking out and focusing on those parts of the display that are relevant to our performance.
Stimuli: The important and relevant items of information from the display such as the flight of the ball
What is required to develop selective attention?
Experience of the situation and the stimulus
Ability
Anticipation
Video analysis = Increase ability to pick cues
Learn to focus and concentrate on the relevant stimuli
Intensity of the stimulus (bright, loud, fast), train with a bright pink ball, focusing on the important stimuli
Improved motivation
Mental rehearsal
What are the benefits of selective attention?
Improved reaction time
Correct decision making
Speeds up decision making
Focuses concentration
Improves efficiency of decision making
Prevents short term memory overload
What are the three aspects involved in the perceptual stage of information processing?
DCR
Detection: means that the performer has picked up the relevant information and identified it as important, using the senses and selective attention
Comparison: Matching the information identified to previously stored models in the long term memory
Recognition: Means the performer has used the information from the memory to identify an appropriate response.
What is the perceptual mechanism?
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information
Detection
Selective attention
The player detects the host of information picked up by the receptors and ensures it is filtered into relevant and irrelevant information by the process of selective attention.
What is the translatory mechanism?
Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made’
Helps convert information so that decisions can be made
Information from senses, once filtered, is adapted into an image that can be sent to the memory for comparison
Similar experiences (motor programmes) are recognised and used
What is the effector mechanism?
The network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles from the decisions made during the perceptual process to the muscles so that those muscles can perform the action.
The muscles receive the information in the form of coded impulses and once this impulse is received, then the muscles will contract and the response can begin
What are the magic 9 steps of whitings model?
The environment, display, receptor systems, perceptual mechanism, translatory mechanism, effector mechanism, muscles system, output data and feedback
What is the short term sensory store?
Large capacity temporary store for all incoming sensory information.
All information coming in from the environment can be stored in the STSS.
The information lasts in the STSS for half a second or less.
This the first ‘compartment’ of memory
Selective Attention takes place in the STSS
If the information is considered useful it is encoded.
What is the short term memory?
Working Memory – Relates to what we are thinking about at any given moment in time.
This is conscious memory
It is created by our paying attention to an external stimulus, an internal thought, or both.
Information that is attended to moves from STSS to STM
Retained for up to 30 seconds and is limited to 5 -9 items = TAXI RANK THEORY
If the information is learnt it is sent to LTM
What is the long term memory?
Information arrives here from the STM
LTM is a store of well-learned past experiences
It has almost limitless capacity and items can be stored for many years
This information is used to compare against new experiences
The LTM also stores responses used in different situations
Using the LTM involves the process of retrieval if information and passing it into the STM
What are the four influences on the quality of retention and retrieval?
Rehearsal, meaningfulness, speed of learning and over learning
What are some strategies to improve short term memory?
Chunking/chaining, association, mental rehearsal and rewards
What is the central control executive?
The control centre of the working memory model, it uses three other systems to control all of the information moving in and out of the memory system.
What are the three other systems that the central control executive uses?
Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer
What is the phonological loop?
Deals with auditory information from the sense and helps produce memory trace
Words from coach are used to create an initial picture of the skill or mental image (memory trace)
This is sent to the LTM to trigger the motor programme which is used to produce the movement
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
Split
Visual cache: form and colour
Inner scribe: spatial and movement information (most important for sport as gives a picture of the performance and what to change)
Used to get a feel for the skill whilst performing – a gymnast going over a vault
What is the episodic buffer?
Coordinates the work of the Phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad into sequences – in the working memory (STM) to be sent to the LTM
Adds them together and sends them to the LTM to get a better picture of the skill requirement
Path of the ball, the sound of the team mate calling, position of body when catching a cricket ball
