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Biology GCSE WJEC unit 2 (triple higher) > Response and Regulation GLOSSARY KEYWORDS > Flashcards

Response and Regulation GLOSSARY KEYWORDS Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment

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2
Q

The test carried out to detect the presence of glucose

A

Benedicts Test

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3
Q

Vasodilation

A

an increase in the diameter of blood vessels

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4
Q

Insulin

A

the hormone released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels

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5
Q

Sweat pore

A

The opening of the sweat gland on the surface of the skin

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6
Q

Erector muscle

A

the muscle which attaches to a hair and pulls it upright when contracted

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7
Q

Glycogen

A

The chemical that is stored in the liver after conversion from glucose

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8
Q

sweat duct

A

the tube that carries sweat from the gland to the pore

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9
Q

type 2

A

the type of diabetes which is linked to obesity

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10
Q

sense organ

A

a group of receptor cells

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11
Q

electrical impulse

A

the form of the message that is transmitted along a neurone

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12
Q

negative feedback

A

the mechanism which restores homeostasis

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13
Q

glucagon

A

the hormone released by the pancreas to increase blood and glucose levels

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14
Q

stimulus

A

a change in the environment

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15
Q

vasoconstriction

A

a reduction in the diameter of blood vessels

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16
Q

pancreas

A

the organ which secretes insulin into the blood

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17
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain + spinal chord

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18
Q

neurone

A

a nerve cell

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19
Q

liver

A

the organ which stores glycogen

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20
Q

hormone

A

a chemical messenger

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21
Q

type 1

A

the type of diabetes caused by the pancreas being unable to produce insulin

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22
Q

positive Phototropism

A

a growth response towards an unilateral light source

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23
Q

what is a sense organ

A

A group of receptor cells that respond to specific stimuli

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24
Q

name the sense and stimuli for EYES

A

sense = sight
stimuli = light

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25
Q

name the sense and stimuli for NOSE

A

sense = smell
stimuli = chemicals

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26
Q

name the sense and stimuli for TONGUE

A

Sense = taste
stimuli = chemicals

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27
Q

name the sense and stimuli for EARS

A

sense = hearing
stimuli = sound

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28
Q

name the sense and stimuli for SKIN

A

sense = pressure + pain
stimuli = touch + temp

29
Q

how is the information from sense organs passed to the CNS (central nervous system)?

A

Electrical impulses along neurones

30
Q

what does the nervous system consist of

A

brain, spinal chord and nerves

31
Q

what doe the CNS (central nervous system) consist of

A

brain and spinal chord

32
Q

what is a stimulus

A

a change in the environment

33
Q

what are the properties of withdraw reflexes

A

rapid, automatic, protective

34
Q

a diagram of a reflex arc

A

stimulus
receptor
sensory neurone
relay neurone
synapse
motor neurone
effector

35
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable internal environment

36
Q

why is homeostasis so important

A

enzymes only work within a narrow range of temperature and pH

37
Q

how does the body regulate temperature

A

controlled by the nervous system.
the hypothalamus (in brain) detects the change and sends electrical signals to the skin

38
Q

when body temp drops, the skin will…

A
  1. blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction)
  2. hair erector muscles contract = erect hairs
  3. muscles shiver
39
Q

How does contraction of hair erector muscles retain heat?

A

The hairs stand upright trapping a layer of insulating air next to the skin

40
Q

How does vasoconstriction help to retain heat

A

Less blood travels to the surface of the skin so less heat is lost to the surrounding environment

41
Q

How does shivering increase body temperature

A

Muscles are contracting, respiring and releasing heat

42
Q

How does the skin react when body temperature arises above 37C?

A
  1. Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation)
  2. Hair erector muscles relax and hairs flatten
  3. Sweat glands produce sweat
43
Q

How does vasodilation lead to increased heat loss from the body?

A

More blood travels to the surface of the skin so more heat is lost to the surrounding environment

44
Q

How does relaxation of hair erector muscles lower body temperature?

A

The hairs lie flat and there is no insulating layer of air, so heat is lost to the surrounding environment

45
Q

How does sweating help to lower body temperature?

A

The sweat glands produce sweat

The sweat travels along the sweat duct, out through the sweat pore and onto the surface of the skin

Body heat is used to evaporate the sweat

46
Q

How are blood sugar levels controlled?

A

Hormone system.

The pancreas detects changes in blood glucose levels and releases hormones into the blood

47
Q

What is a hormone and what group of chemicals does it belong to?

A

A chemical messenger carried by the blood

It is a protein

48
Q

What might cause an increase in blood glucose levels?

A

High carbohydrate meal

49
Q

How does the body respond to bring down blood glucose levels?

A
  1. The pancreas secretes insulin into the blood
  2. The insulin travels to the liver
  3. The liver removes soluble glucose and converts it to

insoluble glycogen, which it then stores

50
Q

How does the body respond to a decrease in blood glucose levels?

A
  1. The pancreas secretes glucagon into the blood
  2. The glucagon travels to the liver
  3. The liver converts insoluble glycogen into soluble

glucose, which it releases into the blood

51
Q

What might cause a decrease in blood glucose levels?

A

Fasting
Exercise

52
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A disease in which a person has a high blood glucose level

53
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

The pancreas is unable to produce insulin

54
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes

A

The body cells are not able to respond properly to the insulin that is produced

55
Q

What is a symptom of diabetes?

A

The presence of glucose in the urine
(Also thirst, tiredness, frequent urinating and loss of weight)

56
Q

How is diabetes diagnosed?

A

Testing glucose levels in the blood or urine

57
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated

A

Insulin injections
Low carbohydrate diet
Transplant of pancreatic tissue

58
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

A

Low carbohydrate diet
Increased exercise

59
Q

What reagent would be used to test for glucose in urine?

A

Add Benedict’s reagent and heat strongly

A positive result is a colour change from blue to brick-red

60
Q

What is ‘negative feedback’?

A

Changes are reversed and values are restored to their normal range by the nervous system (temperature) or hormonal system (blood glucose)

61
Q

What are the problems associated with obesity?

A

Increased risk of type 2 diabetes
Strain on heart and joints

62
Q

What is tropism?

A

A growth response to a unilateral stimulus

63
Q

What is positive phototropism?

A

A growth response towards a light source

64
Q

What is positive geotropism?

A

A growth response towards gravity

65
Q

Which parts of a plant demonstrate positive phototropism?

A

Plant shoot tips

66
Q

Which part of a plant demonstrates positive geotropism?

A

Root tips

67
Q

Which plant hormone controls positive phototropism?

A

Auxin

68
Q

What equipment could you use to investigate phototropism in plants?

A

A light box with light entering from one side only

69
Q

What could be used as a control experiment when investigating phototropism in plants?

A

A plant on a rotating disk which will receive light on all sides

Biology GCSE WJEC unit 2 (triple higher) (12 decks)

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