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Biology GCSE WJEC unit 2 (triple higher) > DNA and Inheritance > Flashcards

DNA and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of a cell within chromosomes

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2
Q

What is the purpose of DNA?

A

It contains the code to make proteins

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3
Q

What are the units of a protein called?

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

2 long chains of alternating sugars and phosphates joined by pairs of bases
Ladder-like structure with the bases forming the rungs

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5
Q

What is the name given to the shape of a DNA molecule?

A

double helix

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6
Q

What are the 4 DNA bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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7
Q

What is meant by complementary base pairing?

A

A pairs with T
C pairs with G

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8
Q

Why is the order of bases important?

A

It determines the order in which different amino acids are linked together to form different proteins

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9
Q

What is the triplet code (codon)?

A

Three consecutive bases which code for a particular amino acid

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10
Q

What is a genetic profile?

A

A unique banding pattern formed by the cutting of DNA into fragments, which are separated into bands

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11
Q

How are genetic profiles used?

A

To show the similarity between the banding patterns in two DNA samples in:
Criminal cases
Paternity cases
Classification of species

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12
Q

What are the potential problems when using genetic profiling for identifying genes associated with particular diseases?

A
  1. Severity of disease not known
  2. Undue stress if disease doesn’t develop
  3. Information may be passed to insurance
    companies
  4. Employment discrimination
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13
Q

How are genetic profiles compared in criminal cases?

A

If the banding patterns are IDENTICAL then the suspect is guilty!

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14
Q

How is paternity determined when comparing genetic profiles?

A

Half of the child’s bands will match those from the mother, the other half will match those from the father

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15
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a protein

The protein determines an inherited characteristic

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16
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene that comes in a pair

17
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The combination of alleles for a particular characteristic

18
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

The alleles are the same in the genotype

19
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

2 different alleles in the genotype: one dominant and one recessive

20
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical characteristic determined by the genotype

21
Q

Which sex chromosomes do males have?

A

XY

22
Q

Which sex chromosomes do females have?

A

XX

23
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A recessive genetic disorder which leads to a build up of mucus in the bronchioles

24
Q

What does a recessive genetic disorder mean?

A

The mutation causing the disease is on the recessive allele
Both alleles must be recessive to inherit the disease

25
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA code

26
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

The replacing of an absent or faulty gene with a normal working gene

27
Q

Why is gene therapy not always successful in the treatment of CF?

A

Difficult to get the working gene into the correct lung cells
Difficult to get the gene to work once inside the cell

28
Q

Why is gene therapy for CF a treatment and not a cure?

A

The cells lining the lungs are continually replaced with new body cells containing the mutated CF gene

29
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The artificial transfer of genes from one organism into another

30
Q

Why is genetic engineering used in plants?

A

To increase crop yield e.g.
- by inserting gene for herbicide resistance
- by inserting gene for resistance to diseases

31
Q

What are the issues of using genetic engineering in crops?

A

The unknown health effects from eating the plant

The effect on the environment if the gene is transferred to plants in the wild population

32
Q

How has genetic engineering been used in insulin production?

A

The human insulin gene has been inserted into bacterial DNA
The bacteria mass produce insulin cheaply and quickly

Biology GCSE WJEC unit 2 (triple higher) (12 decks)

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