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Core Biology > Responces To A Changing Environment > Flashcards

Responces To A Changing Environment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is keeping the internal environment of a body stable called

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

What is water in the body used for

A

Allowing substances to dissolve and for chemical reactions. Too much water leads to high blood pressure and swelling

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3
Q

What is our body temperature

A

37 celcious

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4
Q

What is a gland

A

Something stat produces a substance then releases it

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5
Q

How and what is the control of water called

A

Osmoregulation is the control of water in the body and is controlled by the kidney. Too much water, more urine, too little, less urine and brain is triggered to make you feel thirsty

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6
Q

What is thermoregulation

A

The controlling of the temperature of the body

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7
Q

How is cold temperature controlled

A

The body uses hypothalamus in the brain which constantly monitors the temperature of the body and uses nerve endings in dermis’s on the skin to check the external temperature. If the external temperature is too cold and reduces the internal temperature, the hypothalamus causes muscles to shiver to produce heat and causes hair erector muscles to make hair stand up to trap air and reduces blood flow at the surface of the skin to reduce heat loss

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8
Q

How is hot temperature controlled.

A

The hypothalamus detects the body going over 37 and causes sweat glands to produce sweat to cool the body down and increases blood flow at the surface of the skin to release heat into the environment

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9
Q

What thermoregulation called in terms of feedback

A

Negative feedback: as temperature goes up body cools down and vice versa

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10
Q

What is vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Construction of capillary’s on surface of skin to reduce blood flow and heat loss.
The increasing of blood flow in capillary’s to lose heat to the external environment.

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11
Q

What is a stimulus

A

Anything body is sensitive too

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12
Q

What kind of cells detect a stimulus

A

Receptor cells

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13
Q

What do receptor cells detect

A

Electric impulses which are then sent to the brain

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14
Q

What happens in a neurone

A

Receptor cells detect impulse which goes to the dendrites which pass the impulse to the dendrons which carry it towards the cell body. The impulse goes past the cell body and through the axons. Axon endings then pass on the impulse to other neurones.

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15
Q

What is a nerve

A

A bundle of neurones

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16
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

A cord that connects to the brain and is packed with nerves

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17
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

The spinal cord and brain make the central nervous system and it controls the body

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18
Q

Why are effectors

A

Parts of the body that respond to impulses from receptor cells including muscles and glands

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19
Q

What are the neurones that take impulses to effectors

A

Motor neurones and have no dendrons, the dendrites are on the cell body

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20
Q

What are relay neurones

A

The neurones that make up the brain and link motor neurones to sensory neurones in the spinal cord

21
Q

What is the fatty layer that surrounds axons

A

A fatty layer called the myelin sheath

22
Q

What is the myelin sheath for

A

To insulate the neurone from others and allows impulses to be carried faster

23
Q

What happens in a motor neurone

A

Dendrites on the cell body collect the impulse from other neurones and the impulse travels axon and to the axon ending which passes the impulse to effector cells

24
Q

What is p a synapse

A

The gap between the part of 2 neurones that connect. Impulses are passed through the synapse by chemical substances called neurotransmitters

25
Q

Good and bad of a synapse

A

Good: only axon endings can produce neurotransmitters meaning the impulse can only travel in one direction

Bad: slow down the impulse slightly

26
Q

What are reflexes

A

Automatic actions done by the body to protect it. E.g. Dropping a hot object to stop the body burning

27
Q

How do reflexes happen

A

Instead of the impulse going to the brain then back to the effector cells, it goes from the sensory neurone directly to a motor neurone to the effector cell. These pathways are called reflex arcs. These bypass the part of the brain involved with conscious thought .

28
Q

Why are reflexes so fast

A

They only contain 2 neurone, sensory and motor and some have internet to e that connect sensory to motor

29
Q

Where are hormones made

A

In endocrine glands

30
Q

What are and what do hormones do

A

They are chemical messengers that travel in blood and their presence causes certain parts of the body to respond to them. E.g release of testosterone in testes to a cause puberty.

31
Q

5 hormones and what they do

A

Adrenaline from adrenal glands, speeds heart beat
Insulin from pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels
Oestrogen from ovaries, causes production of female reproductive organs
Testosterone from testes, causes production to male reproductive organs
Glucagon from pancreas do, increases blood glucose levels

32
Q

How are glucose levels controlled

A

Too much, insulin from pancreas is released causing the glucose in blood passing through liver to be converted into glycogen which stores glucose for when it’s needed

Too little, glucagon produced by pancreas and tells liv to convert glycogen into glucose

(If their is glucaGON the it means the body wants glycogen GONE and turned into glucose)

33
Q

What is and how is BMI calculated

A

An estimate on how healthy someone is. Anything over 30 is classed as obese

Weight in KG divided by (height in M squared)

34
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

When the pancreas doesn’t produce insulin and needs to be injected after meals to control glucose levels

35
Q

What happens if glucose levels are too high.

A

Tiredness and potential damage to organs such as eyes and insulin released

36
Q

What happens if glucose levels are too low

A

May fall unconscious and glucagon released

37
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes

A

High fat diets and not much exercise.

38
Q

What is diabetes

A

A disease in which the body can’t control glucose levels because insulin isn’t produced or the cells become resistant to it

39
Q

What is tropism

A

A plants response to growing towards or away from light

40
Q

What is a tropism that responds to light called

A

Phototropism. Plant roots are negatively phototropic

Plant shoots are positively phototrophic

41
Q

What causes positive phototropism

A

Auxins in plant shoots to the side facing away from light and cause the cells in that part of the shoot to elongate which bends the shoot towards the light.

42
Q

Where are auxins produced and what happens if that part of the shoot is missing (phototropism)

A

Auxins are produced in the tip of a shoot and without the tip the plant would just grow upwards

43
Q

Where are auxins produced and what happens if that part of the root is missing (gravitropism)

A

Produced in root tips and are pulled down by gravity, this stops elongation of the bottom cells and causes the root to bend down.

44
Q

What happens after the period of darkness and cold a plant needs ends

A

The seed releases hormones called gibberellins that cause the starch in the seed to become sugars that the seed needs to grow. Gibberellins also stimulate flower and fruit production

45
Q

What is a selective weed killer

A

A hormone that only effects certain plants and causes them to grow out of control and die

46
Q

What is artificial auxin used for

A

Used by farmers to kill weeds as it only targets plants with broad leaves such as dandelions and causes them to grow out of control and die but doesn’t affect farmers crowds such as wheat as the don’t have broad leaves

47
Q

How can plants be cloned

A

Cuttings can be taken and the bottom of the cutting dipped into synthetic auxins called root power causing them to grow roots and become a new plant. It’s quicker than using seeds

48
Q

How are seedless fruits made

A

The flowers of the fruit are sprayed with artificial hormones that make them produce the fruit but not the seed.

49
Q

How can ripening be controlled

A

Hormones can be sprayed to stop fruit ripening and falling of or natural hormone gases (ethene and ethylene) can be used to make fruit ripen at the same time so they can all be picked at the same time

Core Biology (6 decks)

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