Respitory Flashcards
What are the functions of the Respiratory system (4)
1) Gas exchange
2) PH control
3) Vocalization
4) Temperature control
Respiratory process (4)
1) Ventilation
2) External Respiration
3) Internal Respiration
4) Cellular Respiration
Respiratory process - Ventilation
Moving air in and out of lungs
Respiratory process - External Respiratory
Gas exchange between blood and LUNGS
Respiratory process - Internal Respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissues
Respiratory process - Cellular respiration
Oxygen used to produce ATP, with CO2 as the waste (GAS TRANSPORT)
Respiratory process - Steps of external respiration (4)
1) Ventilation or gas exchange between the air sacs (alveoli) and atmosphere
2) Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the alveoli and the blood
3) Transport of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the tissues
4) Exchange of O2 and Co2 between the blood and the tissues
Lungs (2)
1) Within the pleural cavity (membrane of lungs)
2) The organ in the respiratory system
The Respiratory Tract (2)
1) Upper respiratory tract
2) Lower respiratory tract
The Respiratory Tract - Upper respiratory tract (2)
1) Nose
2) Pharynx
3) sinuses
The Respiratory Tract - Lower respiratory tract (5)
1) Larynx
2) Trachea
3) Bronchi
4) Lungs
5) Alveoli
Upper respiratory tract - the function of nose and pharynx
1) Filters particles from the air
2) Vocal resonating chambers
3) smells reception
Upper respiratory tract - Larynx (2)
1) Epiglottis - stops food from entering the trachea
2) Vocal cords - sound production
Lower Respiratory Tract - Trachea (3)
1) Wind Pipe
2) traps foreign
3) Cough reflex
Upper respiratory tract - Bronchioles (3)
1) Smaller branches
2) Controls airflow
3) Smooth Muscle
Upper respiratory tract - Alveoli (3)
1) Site of gas exchange
2) High surface area
3) Air sacs
Describe Ventilation (2)
1) Airflow requires a pressure gradient
2) Boyles Law
Ventilation - Boyles Law - (2)
1) If the volume of space increases then pressure decreases
2) If the volume of space decreases then pressure increases
Describe Inspiration (3)
1) Contraction of inspirational muscles
2) Increases chest volume
3) Draw air along the gradient
Inspiration - what happens in the contraction of the inspirational muscles
1) Ribs lift and diagram drops
Expiration (4)
(1) Relaxation of inspiratory muscles
2) Chest volume decreases
3) Lung pressure increases above atmospheric pressure
4) Air moves along the gradient
Forced Inspiration (3)
1) Deeper Breathe
2) Need a bigger gradient
3) Accessory muscles contract
Forced Expiration (3)
1) Contract internal intercostal
2) Contract abdominals
3) A greater decrease in volume - more air out
What is Pneumothorax?
A collapsed lung that cannot function normally - think knife to the lung
Lung Volumes (4)
1) Tidal volume - air moved on a quiet breath - 500ml
2) Expiratory reserve - Extra air you could breathe out if needed -1,200ml
3) Inspirational Reserve - extra air you could breathe in if you needed to - 3000ml
4) Vital Capacity - max air you could move - 5or6 L
LUNG VOLUME GRAPH
REFER TO NOTES
RESIDUAL VOLUME
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
VITAL CAPACITY
INSPIRATIONAL RESERVE VOLUME
What controls breathing? (1)
Chemoreceptors
Control breathing - Chemoreceptors - how do they react to control breathing? (4)
1) If CO2or H+ increase
a) Chemoreceptors begin to fire
b) Medulla triggers inspirational muscles
c) Breathe in - reduces co2 and or h+
d) O2 is NOT a normal trigger for breathing
What controls breathing - Chemoreceptors - name 1 function and where it takes place
1) Monitors blood gases
2) Carotids, Aortic Arch, Medulla
Where does Gas Transport occur?
1) Alveoli
2) In the tissues
Gas Transport - Alveoli (2)
1) O2 moves along the gradient into the blood
2) CO2 moves from the blood into alveoli
Gas Transport - In the tissues(2)
1) O2 moves along the gradien into the tissue
2) CO2 moves from tissue to blood
How is 98% of oxygen transported
via haemoglobin
Haemoglobin - what dictates the amount used
depending on oxygen concentation
How is CO2 transported
In the Plasma Bicarbonate
What is the Pulmonary Test? (2)
1) Lung Volume
2) Forced Expiration
Name two restrictive diseases in respiratory medicine and what do they do (3)
1) Build of collagen fibres - harder to breath IN
2) Fibrosis
3) Mesotheleuim
Obstructive diseases what is it and name 2 diseases
1) Harder to breath OUT
2) Emphysema - the breakdown of connective tissue
What causes Emphysema and what is it? (3)
1) Tar
2) Chemicals
3) Make it harder to breathe out
Asthma what is it and what causes it?
1) Allergens irritate the bronchioles
2) High mucus production
Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs - what is it called and what is one symptom
1) Bronchitis - aint nobody got time fo dad
2) Mucus production
3) A shit ton of coughing
Microorganisms Can Cause Respiratory Disorders (2)
1) Upper respiratory infections - colds and flues
2) Pneumonia - infection of lungs
3) Tuberculosis - bacteria infection which scars the lungs
Lung Cancer (2)
1) Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
2) Impairs airflow, gas exchange, blood flow
smoking(3)
lose 9 years of life
1) Damages cilia
Cardiovascular diseases caused by smoking
1) Heart failure
2) Hypertension
3) ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
Respiratory diseases caused by smoking
1) Asthma
2) Pneumonia
3) Tuberculosis
Vaping (2)
1) Less Carbon monoxide inhaled
2) Not healthier than smoking
MARIJUANA WHAT TWO CANNABINOIDS DOES IT HAVE?
1) CBD
2) THC
MARIJUANA EFFECTS THC
1) Decrease in neurons and brain size if smoked before 17
2) Lower sperm count
