CH 5. The Skeleton System Flashcards
Functions of the skeletal system (5)
1) Support
2) Protection
3) Minerals
4) Blood
5) MOVEMENT
The Skeleton System consists of Connective Tissue (3)
1) Bone
2) Ligaments -Dense fibrous connective tissues
3) Cartilage - fibres of collagen and elastin in a gel matrix
Bones are 90% ___ and 10% ____
matrix and cells
The Extracellular matrix for bones contains (4)
1) Protein
2) Collagen
3) Calcium & Phosphate
4) Water
The cell in bones contain (3)
1) Osteoblast (make bone)
2) Osteoclasts (resorb bone)
3) Osteocytes (mature cells)
Types of bones (2)
1) Compact bone
2) Spongy bone
Types of bones - Compact bone (2)
1Harder - Harversain system
2Forms shaft and ends, contains marrow
3. yellow marrow
Types of bones - Spongy bone (2)
- Trabeculae from lattice-like support
2. spaces may contain red marrow
What holds bones together?
- Dense fibrous connective tissue - ligaments
2. attach bone to bone
What supports bones (not fibrous connective tissue)
- Cartilage lends its support under preassure
What are the types of cartilage (3)
1) Fibrocartilage
2) Hyaline
3) Elastic Cartilage
Types of cartilage - Fibrocartilage (2)
1) Intrevertebral disk between vertrebreae
2) Menisci in knee joints
Types of Cartilage - Hyaline (2)
1) Forms embryonic structure which then transforms into bones
2) Covers and protect the ends of bones in joints
Types of cartilage - Elastic cartilage
Flexible, ears and nose
What are Fontanels?
Soft spots on top of babies heads. They don’t ossify until months afterwards
Mature Bone undergoes remodelling and repair- what does remodelling depend on?
Exercise
Bones can Change in shape, size, and strength
1) Compressive stress stimulates
2) New bone is deposited in areas of high compression
3) Bone is reabsorbed in areas of low compressive strength
When compression of the bone happens what does it stimulate?
Osteoblast
What happens to the bone in areas of high compression?
New bone is deposited
What happens to the bone in areas of low compression?
Bone is reabsorbed
Bone repair - Bone Fracture? Three steps
1) Hematoma forms -
2) Obsteclast - removes damaged bone
3) Osteoblast deposits new bone
weeks - months
What is Osteoporosis? What causes it? Who’s most vulnerable to it?
1) Loss of bone mass / overactive or underactive osteoblast. High risk of vertabrae and hip fractures
2) Low vitamin D! Hormones, AGE
3) white old LALALAALDDddiddIDIEEEeesS
How to prevent Osteoporosis? (2)
- Diet
2. Exercise
Skeleton
The midline of the body
Skeleton name (3)
1) skull
2) sternum
3) ribs
Appendicular Skeleton (3)
1) Bones of the area of the appendage
2) Pelvic gridldle, arms, legs`
Axial Skeleton (2)
1) Skull
2) Hyoid bone - adams apple
The Skull main function
protect the brain
Skull - name 5 cranial bones and visualize them
1) Occipital bone
2) Mandible
3) Maxilla
4) Frontal bone
5) Parietal bone
6) Zygomatic bone- cheek bones
The vertebrae - What’s its purpose?
1) Protect the spine
Regions of the Vertebrae (5)
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
5) Coccygeal
Regions of the Vertebrae - Cervical
Neck - 7 vertebrates
Regions of the Vertebrae - Thoracic
Chest - 12 vertebrates
Regions of the Vertebrae - Lumbar
Lower back - 5 vertebrae
Regions of the Vertebrae - Sacral
5 fused vertebrae
Regions of the Vertebrae - Coccygeal
4 fused vertebrae
What cushions the vertebrae?
intervertebral disks
Herniated area of the spine - what is it?
Intervertebral disk pinched to nerve
Ribs and Sternum job
protects chest cavity
How many pairs does the ribs have?
12
Out of the 12 rib pairs how many are true, how many are flase, and how many are floating (3)
1) True: 1-7
2) Flase 8-10
3) 11-12 back support
The job of the sternum? (2)
1) protect heart
2) Protect breastbone
Appendicular Skeleton what does it consist of?
1) Pectoral Griddle - shoulder
2) upper limbs / arms
3) Pelvic Griddle
4) Lowe limbs
Appendicular Skeleton - Pectoral Griddle (2) two parts?
1) Clavicle (Collar’s bone)
2) Scapula (shoulder blade)
Appendicular Skeleton: Arms (5)
1) Humerous
2) Radius & Ulna
3) Carpal bones
4) Metacarpal bones
5) Phalanges
Appendicular Skeleton: Arms - Humerous
Big arm / bicept bone
Appendicular Skeleton: Arms - Radius & Ulna
1) Radius big forearm
2) Ulna small
Appendicular Skeleton: Arms - Carpal bones
Wrist
Appendicular Skeleton: Arms - Metacarpal
Fingers first half
Appendicular Skeleton: Arms - Phalanges
The second half of the fingers
Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Griddle (2)
1) Coxal bone
2) Sacrum & pubic symphosis
Appendicular Skeleton: Legs (6)
1) Femur
2) Patella
3) Tibia, Fibula
4) Tarsal bone
5) Metatasals
6) Phalanges
Joints (4)
1) Allows for movement
2) Extension/ Flexion
3) Abduction / adduction
4) Circumduction / rotation
Joints - Extension / Flexion (2)
1) Extension - think Hitler solute
2) Flexion - biceps curl
Joints - Abduction / adduction (2)
1) Abduction arm away from the body, adduction towards your body
ex) Think wing exercise for shoulders
2) Adduction - the movement of a limb away from the midline.
Joints - Circumduction (1)
1) Movement of a limb so it describes a cone
Joint - Rotation
Movement of a body around its axis
Joints - Classified by the degree of movement (3)
1) Fibrous joints
2) Cartilaginous joint
3) Synovial joint
Joints - Classified by the degree of movement - Fibrous Joints
1) Moveable
ex) Skull sutures
Joints - Classified by the degree of movement - Cartilaginous joint
1) Slightly moveable cartilage connection
ex) vertebrate joints
Joints - Classified by the degree of movement - Synovial joint
1) Free movable joint
ex) knees
Synovial joints - What are they again?
1) Free movable joints
ex. knees
Synovial joints (2)
1) Joint capsule
2) Types of synovial joints
Synovial joints - Joint capsule (2)
1) Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant
2) Hyaline cartilage acts as a cushion
Ligaments, Tendons, and Muscles Stabilize Joint - Ligaments
1) Bone to bone synovial joints ex) acl
Ligaments, Tendons, and Muscles Stabilize Joint - Tendons
Attach muscle to bone - achillies tendon
Joint disorders (3)
1) Sprains
2) Bursitis or tenitis
3) Dislocation
Joint disorders - Sprains (2)
1) Stretched or torn ligaments
2) Heal SLOW
Joint disorders - Bursitis or tenitis (1)
1) Inflammation of bursae or tendons
Joint disorders - Dislocation
1) out of the socket
What is Arthritis? (2)
Inflammation of the joints
2. loss of cartilage
What is the most common Arthritis?
- Osteoarthritis
