CH 3 Functions & Structure of the Cell Flashcards
Physiology (3)
1) Cell Levels
2) Tissue Level
3) Organ System
Homeostasis - Which part of the body governs this process?
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus (2)
1) Receives inputs
2) Controls hormones
What do we keep constant in the body>
1) Nutrients/ waste
2) O2/ C02 levels
3) PH levels
4) Temp
CELL CLASSIFICATION (2)
1) Prokaryotic Cells
2) Eukaryotic Cells
CELL CLASSIFICATION: Prokaryotic Cells (3)
1) No nucleus
2) Cytoplasm
3) No true organelles
bacteria
CELL CLASSIFICATION: Eukaroytica Cells (3)
1) Nucleus: membrane-bound
2) Cytoplasm
3) Organelles
human cell
Types of cell structures (2)
1) Muscle cells
2) Nerve Cells
Why do cells stay small?
1) Higher surface to volume ratio
Higher surface to volume ratio - name 3 functions
1) Membrane transport
2) Acquisition of nutrients
3) Disposal of wastes
CELLULAR DIVERSITY - Specialized functions of cells relates to (2):
1) Shape of cell
2) Arrangement of organelles
Ageing and Cells - what happens - 4
1) Our cells slowly eradicate
2) # of body cells goes down
3) Lose integrity of extracellular components
4) Free radicals
Ageing and Cells - Genetic Theory
1) Proposed that ageing is programmed in the genes
2) Telomeres - end up caps of chromosomes
3) Telomerase - prevents telomeres from degrading
PARTS OF A CELL - The cell can be divided in three parts
1) Plasma
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoplasm (2)
1) Cytosol
2) Organelles
PARTS OF A CELL - Nucleus (2)
1) Chromosomes
2) Genes
PARTS OF A CELL - Nucleus function (2)
1) Cell replications and repair
2) Usually, 1 per cell Ex) RBC 1 cell, Muscle multi-nucleated
PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function (2)
1) Make proteins
2) Either free or attached
PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Free Ribosomes
1) Make proteins to the cell, free ribosomes travel ex) Muscles ? why to travel where ned be to make proteins
PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Attached Ribosomes (1)
1) Endoplasmic Reticulum
PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Attached Ribosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum smooth (3)
1) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
2) Calcium storage - Muscle
3) Steroid production - Ovaried
PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Attached Ribosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum rough (3)
1) Ribosomes attached
2) Protein production for export
PARTS OF A CELL - Golgi Complex (1)
1) Repackages RER proteins into a vesicle that can leave the less
PARTS OF A CELL - Peroxisomes (1)
1) Oxidative enzyme - Detoxification
PARTS OF A CELL - Lysomomes (2)
1) Sac of digestive enzymes
2) Used for repair and removal of foreign objects
ex) white blood cells
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton (2)
1) Complex protein network - acts and bone/ muscle of cell
2) Three distinct elements
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements (3)
1) Microtubulus
2) Microfilaments
3) Intermediate filaments
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements - Microtubules (2)
1) Transport secretory vesicles
2) Form mitotic spindle during cell division
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements - Microfilaments (3)
1) Contractile systems
2) Muscle - packed with Actin & Myosin
3) Mechanical stiffeners
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements - Intermediate Filaments (2)
1) Help resist mechanical stress
2) Hair, skin
PARTS OF A CELL - Centrosome / Centrioles (2)
1) Microtubulus
2) Important to mitosis
PARTS OF A CELL - Cilia and Flagella (2)
1) Cilia - Respiratory track / fallopian tubes
2) Flagella - sperm tail
PARTS OF A CELL - Mitochondria (2)
1) Site of ATP formation - Oxidative Phosphorylation, enzymes for TCA cycle
2) The number of mitochondria varies with the cell’s energy need
PARTS OF A CELL - Mitochondria (2)
1) Surronded by a double membrane
2) The inner membrane is highly folded
The Plasma (Cell) Membrane - Phospholipid bilayer (4)
1) Phospholipids: Polar head and non-polar
2) Cholesterol: membrane liquidity
3) Proteins: Membrane Transport
4) Carbohydrates: Cell recognition and orientation
Membrane Transport (3)
1) Passive transport
2) Active transport
3) Bulk transport
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2)
1) Diffusion
2) Osmosis
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Diffusion
1) High concentration to low concentration
2) May also move along the electrical gradient
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Diffusion, variables which affect it (4)
1) Temperature
2) Volume
3) Mass of diffusion substance
4) Concentration gradient
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Diffusion across the membrane depends…. (4)
1) Permeability
2) Surface Area
3) Gradient
4) Temp
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Osmosis (1)
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
1) Moves from low solute concentration to an area of high concentration
2) Depends on non- diffusible particles
Tonicity (4)
1) Isotonic
2) Hypotonic
3) Hypertonic
4) Note) Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic
Tonicity - Hypotonic
fewer diffusible particles - HEMOLYSIS -think dilution with pure h2o - expand
Tonicity - Hypertonic
More diffusible particles - CREANATION - think saturation -expands
Passive Facilitated Diffusion (3)
1) Across membrane - no ATP needed
a) Channel Transport - ex) NA+, K+ - Ions/particles can move only when the gate is open
b) Carrier transport - ex) Glucose - particles bind to carrier to move across
Three steps in the Passive Facilitated Diffusion process? (3) step 1
1) Diffusion through the lipid layer. Lipid soluble molecules diffuse easily ex) CO2, O2
2) High to low concentration
Three steps in the Passive Facilitated Diffusion process? (3) step 2
2) Diffusion through channels - some polar and charged molecules diffuse through protein channels.
Three steps in the Passive Facilitated Diffusion process? (3) step 3
3) Facilitated transport - Certain molecules bind to a protein, triggering a change in protein shape that transport the molecules ex) glucose
Active Transport requires energy - Active transport moves substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (3)
1) Against the concentration gradient
2) Requires a membrane a protein
3) Requires energy
ex) sodium potassium pump
Endocytosis & Exocytosis Move Materials in bulk (2)
1) Endocytosis - bring substances into the cell
2) Exocytosis- expel substances from the cell
Information can be transferred across the Plasma Membrane (2)
1) Receptor proteins span membrane - can transmit “ messages” into cell
2) Receptor sites (on protein) - interact with signal molecules. ex) hormones ex) Protein synthesis
Energy Production - Formation of ATP (2)
1) Cytosol
2) Mitochondria
ATP
Cell’s energy shuttle
Cellular Respiration (1)
Breakdown of glucose or other fuels in the presence of oxygen to yield of ATP
Four stages of cellular respirations (4)
1) Glycolysis
2) Preparatory step
3) Citric acid cycle
4) Electron transport system (ETS)
Glycolysis name the two inputs/outflows (2)
1) Input 2 ATP / 1 glucose
2) Output 2NADH (shuttled electron chain) & 2 pyruvate
Preparatory Step (3)
1) Loss of CO2
2) Irreversible
3) Pyruvate becomes Acetyl COA
TCA 1 cycle inputs/outputs (5)
1) input: 1 CoA
2) Output: NADH/ FADH2 out (ETS)
3) ATP out
4) CO2 out
For one cycle! Note you need X2 for 1 glucose molecule
Electron Transport System inputs / outputs (4)
1) Input: O2
2) Transfers energy from NADH/FADH 2 to ADP to make ATP
3) Output: ATP
4) Uses ATP to synthesis enzymes
The flow of energy from cellular respiration
1) Glycolysis - 2 ATP
2) Citric Cycle - 2 ATP
3) ETS - 32/ 34 ATP
TOTAL 36-38ATP
One glucose molecule yields how many ATP
36-38ATP
Lactic Acid Formation (3)
1) If no O2 available then we make ATP anaerobically (lactic acid)
2) Causes muscle burn SON
3) When O2 is back, converts back to pyruvate
Energy Transfer Systems and Exercise (3)
1) Immediate- Phosphagen
2) Short term - Glycolysis
3) Long term - Aerobic
