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Bio 305 > CH 3 Functions & Structure of the Cell > Flashcards

CH 3 Functions & Structure of the Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Physiology (3)

A

1) Cell Levels
2) Tissue Level
3) Organ System

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2
Q

Homeostasis - Which part of the body governs this process?

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

Hypothalamus (2)

A

1) Receives inputs

2) Controls hormones

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4
Q

What do we keep constant in the body>

A

1) Nutrients/ waste
2) O2/ C02 levels
3) PH levels
4) Temp

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5
Q

CELL CLASSIFICATION (2)

A

1) Prokaryotic Cells

2) Eukaryotic Cells

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6
Q

CELL CLASSIFICATION: Prokaryotic Cells (3)

A

1) No nucleus
2) Cytoplasm
3) No true organelles
bacteria

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7
Q

CELL CLASSIFICATION: Eukaroytica Cells (3)

A

1) Nucleus: membrane-bound
2) Cytoplasm
3) Organelles
human cell

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8
Q

Types of cell structures (2)

A

1) Muscle cells

2) Nerve Cells

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9
Q

Why do cells stay small?

A

1) Higher surface to volume ratio

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10
Q

Higher surface to volume ratio - name 3 functions

A

1) Membrane transport
2) Acquisition of nutrients
3) Disposal of wastes

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11
Q

CELLULAR DIVERSITY - Specialized functions of cells relates to (2):

A

1) Shape of cell

2) Arrangement of organelles

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12
Q

Ageing and Cells - what happens - 4

A

1) Our cells slowly eradicate
2) # of body cells goes down
3) Lose integrity of extracellular components
4) Free radicals

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13
Q

Ageing and Cells - Genetic Theory

A

1) Proposed that ageing is programmed in the genes
2) Telomeres - end up caps of chromosomes
3) Telomerase - prevents telomeres from degrading

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14
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - The cell can be divided in three parts

A

1) Plasma
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus

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15
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoplasm (2)

A

1) Cytosol

2) Organelles

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16
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Nucleus (2)

A

1) Chromosomes

2) Genes

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17
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Nucleus function (2)

A

1) Cell replications and repair

2) Usually, 1 per cell Ex) RBC 1 cell, Muscle multi-nucleated

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18
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function (2)

A

1) Make proteins

2) Either free or attached

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19
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Free Ribosomes

A

1) Make proteins to the cell, free ribosomes travel ex) Muscles ? why to travel where ned be to make proteins

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20
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Attached Ribosomes (1)

A

1) Endoplasmic Reticulum

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21
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Attached Ribosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum smooth (3)

A

1) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
2) Calcium storage - Muscle
3) Steroid production - Ovaried

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22
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Attached Ribosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum rough (3)

A

1) Ribosomes attached

2) Protein production for export

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23
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Golgi Complex (1)

A

1) Repackages RER proteins into a vesicle that can leave the less

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24
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Peroxisomes (1)

A

1) Oxidative enzyme - Detoxification

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25
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Lysomomes (2)

A

1) Sac of digestive enzymes
2) Used for repair and removal of foreign objects
ex) white blood cells

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26
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton (2)

A

1) Complex protein network - acts and bone/ muscle of cell

2) Three distinct elements

27
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements (3)

A

1) Microtubulus
2) Microfilaments
3) Intermediate filaments

28
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements - Microtubules (2)

A

1) Transport secretory vesicles

2) Form mitotic spindle during cell division

29
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements - Microfilaments (3)

A

1) Contractile systems
2) Muscle - packed with Actin & Myosin
3) Mechanical stiffeners

30
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements - Intermediate Filaments (2)

A

1) Help resist mechanical stress

2) Hair, skin

31
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Centrosome / Centrioles (2)

A

1) Microtubulus

2) Important to mitosis

32
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Cilia and Flagella (2)

A

1) Cilia - Respiratory track / fallopian tubes

2) Flagella - sperm tail

33
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Mitochondria (2)

A

1) Site of ATP formation - Oxidative Phosphorylation, enzymes for TCA cycle
2) The number of mitochondria varies with the cell’s energy need

34
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Mitochondria (2)

A

1) Surronded by a double membrane

2) The inner membrane is highly folded

35
Q

The Plasma (Cell) Membrane - Phospholipid bilayer (4)

A

1) Phospholipids: Polar head and non-polar
2) Cholesterol: membrane liquidity
3) Proteins: Membrane Transport
4) Carbohydrates: Cell recognition and orientation

36
Q

Membrane Transport (3)

A

1) Passive transport
2) Active transport
3) Bulk transport

37
Q

Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2)

A

1) Diffusion

2) Osmosis

38
Q

Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Diffusion

A

1) High concentration to low concentration

2) May also move along the electrical gradient

39
Q

Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Diffusion, variables which affect it (4)

A

1) Temperature
2) Volume
3) Mass of diffusion substance
4) Concentration gradient

40
Q

Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Diffusion across the membrane depends…. (4)

A

1) Permeability
2) Surface Area
3) Gradient
4) Temp

41
Q

Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Osmosis (1)

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

1) Moves from low solute concentration to an area of high concentration
2) Depends on non- diffusible particles

42
Q

Tonicity (4)

A

1) Isotonic
2) Hypotonic
3) Hypertonic
4) Note) Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic

43
Q

Tonicity - Hypotonic

A

fewer diffusible particles - HEMOLYSIS -think dilution with pure h2o - expand

44
Q

Tonicity - Hypertonic

A

More diffusible particles - CREANATION - think saturation -expands

45
Q

Passive Facilitated Diffusion (3)

A

1) Across membrane - no ATP needed
a) Channel Transport - ex) NA+, K+ - Ions/particles can move only when the gate is open
b) Carrier transport - ex) Glucose - particles bind to carrier to move across

46
Q

Three steps in the Passive Facilitated Diffusion process? (3) step 1

A

1) Diffusion through the lipid layer. Lipid soluble molecules diffuse easily ex) CO2, O2
2) High to low concentration

47
Q

Three steps in the Passive Facilitated Diffusion process? (3) step 2

A

2) Diffusion through channels - some polar and charged molecules diffuse through protein channels.

48
Q

Three steps in the Passive Facilitated Diffusion process? (3) step 3

A

3) Facilitated transport - Certain molecules bind to a protein, triggering a change in protein shape that transport the molecules ex) glucose

49
Q

Active Transport requires energy - Active transport moves substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (3)

A

1) Against the concentration gradient
2) Requires a membrane a protein
3) Requires energy
ex) sodium potassium pump

50
Q

Endocytosis & Exocytosis Move Materials in bulk (2)

A

1) Endocytosis - bring substances into the cell

2) Exocytosis- expel substances from the cell

51
Q

Information can be transferred across the Plasma Membrane (2)

A

1) Receptor proteins span membrane - can transmit “ messages” into cell
2) Receptor sites (on protein) - interact with signal molecules. ex) hormones ex) Protein synthesis

52
Q

Energy Production - Formation of ATP (2)

A

1) Cytosol

2) Mitochondria

53
Q

ATP

A

Cell’s energy shuttle

54
Q

Cellular Respiration (1)

A

Breakdown of glucose or other fuels in the presence of oxygen to yield of ATP

55
Q

Four stages of cellular respirations (4)

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Preparatory step
3) Citric acid cycle
4) Electron transport system (ETS)

56
Q

Glycolysis name the two inputs/outflows (2)

A

1) Input 2 ATP / 1 glucose

2) Output 2NADH (shuttled electron chain) & 2 pyruvate

57
Q

Preparatory Step (3)

A

1) Loss of CO2
2) Irreversible
3) Pyruvate becomes Acetyl COA

58
Q

TCA 1 cycle inputs/outputs (5)

A

1) input: 1 CoA
2) Output: NADH/ FADH2 out (ETS)
3) ATP out
4) CO2 out
For one cycle! Note you need X2 for 1 glucose molecule

59
Q

Electron Transport System inputs / outputs (4)

A

1) Input: O2
2) Transfers energy from NADH/FADH 2 to ADP to make ATP
3) Output: ATP
4) Uses ATP to synthesis enzymes

60
Q

The flow of energy from cellular respiration

A

1) Glycolysis - 2 ATP
2) Citric Cycle - 2 ATP
3) ETS - 32/ 34 ATP

TOTAL 36-38ATP

61
Q

One glucose molecule yields how many ATP

A

36-38ATP

62
Q

Lactic Acid Formation (3)

A

1) If no O2 available then we make ATP anaerobically (lactic acid)
2) Causes muscle burn SON
3) When O2 is back, converts back to pyruvate

63
Q

Energy Transfer Systems and Exercise (3)

A

1) Immediate- Phosphagen
2) Short term - Glycolysis
3) Long term - Aerobic

Bio 305 (7 decks)

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