Respirology Flashcards
what are the stages of lung development?
Every pulmonologist can see alveoli
embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, sacular,, alveolar
where do cilia stop?
terminate is respiratory bronchioles
where do cartilage and goblet cells go up until?
bronchi
where is the change in cells in the resp system?
pseudostriatified ciliated columnar cells up until the terminal bronchioles then its cuboidal cells
what does acidity do to the oxygen dissociation curve?
shifts to the right, more oxygen unloading, less affinity
how do you treat carboxyhemoglobin?
100% O2 and hyperbaric O2
how does a fat emboli present?
usually after long bone fracture, liposuction
hypoxemia, neuro symptoms, petechiae
what has centriacinar and what has panacinar emphysema?
centriacinar is usually smoking (upper lobes) smoke rises and panacinar is usually alpha one antitrypsin lower lobes
what type of hypersensitivity reaction is asthma? What type is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
asthma- type 1
hypersensitivity pneumonitis- type 2
what part of the lungs does asbestos affect? what about silica and coal?
asbestos in base and silica and coal are top of the lungs in terms of pneumoconioses
what causes eggshell calcification appearance on CXR?
silicosis
What is the normal pulmonary artery pressure?
10-14mmHg, PHTN >25mmHg
What is a transudative pleural effusion?
from increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure (HF, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis)
What is a exudative pleural effusion?
High protein, cloudy, malignant, infection, trauma
Where does lung cancer metastasize to?
adrenals, brain, bone, liver
What are the common complications of lung cancer?
SPHERE superior vena cavae (thoracic outlet syndrome) pancoast tumour Horners Endocrine (paraneoplastic syndromes) Recurrent largyngeal nerve compression Effusions
What is a pancoast tumour?
superior sulcus tumour
- in the apex of the lung
- can cause horners, recurrent largyngeal nerve compression (hoarseness), SVC syndrome
What is SVC syndrome?
compression of the SVC so blood can’t drain from head
-usually associated with malignancy, clot (pancoast tumour, mediastinal mass)