Respirology

Question 1

what are the stages of lung development?

Answer 1

Every pulmonologist can see alveoli

embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, sacular,, alveolar

Question 2

where do cilia stop?

Answer 2

terminate is respiratory bronchioles

Question 3

where do cartilage and goblet cells go up until?

Answer 3

bronchi

Question 4

where is the change in cells in the resp system?

Answer 4

pseudostriatified ciliated columnar cells up until the terminal bronchioles then its cuboidal cells

Question 5

what does acidity do to the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 5

shifts to the right, more oxygen unloading, less affinity

Question 6

how do you treat carboxyhemoglobin?

Answer 6

100% O2 and hyperbaric O2

Question 7

how does a fat emboli present?

Answer 7

usually after long bone fracture, liposuction

hypoxemia, neuro symptoms, petechiae

Question 8

what has centriacinar and what has panacinar emphysema?

Answer 8

centriacinar is usually smoking (upper lobes) smoke rises and panacinar is usually alpha one antitrypsin lower lobes

Question 9

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is asthma? What type is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 9

asthma- type 1

hypersensitivity pneumonitis- type 2

Question 10

what part of the lungs does asbestos affect? what about silica and coal?

Answer 10

asbestos in base and silica and coal are top of the lungs in terms of pneumoconioses

Question 11

what causes eggshell calcification appearance on CXR?

Answer 11

silicosis

Question 12

What is the normal pulmonary artery pressure?

Answer 12

10-14mmHg, PHTN >25mmHg

Question 13

What is a transudative pleural effusion?

Answer 13

from increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure (HF, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis)

Question 14

What is a exudative pleural effusion?

Answer 14

High protein, cloudy, malignant, infection, trauma

Question 15

Where does lung cancer metastasize to?

Answer 15

adrenals, brain, bone, liver

Question 16

What are the common complications of lung cancer?

Answer 16

SPHERE
superior vena cavae (thoracic outlet syndrome)
pancoast tumour
Horners
Endocrine (paraneoplastic syndromes)
Recurrent largyngeal nerve compression
Effusions

Question 17

What is a pancoast tumour?

Answer 17

superior sulcus tumour

• in the apex of the lung
• can cause horners, recurrent largyngeal nerve compression (hoarseness), SVC syndrome

Question 18

What is SVC syndrome?

Answer 18

compression of the SVC so blood can’t drain from head

-usually associated with malignancy, clot (pancoast tumour, mediastinal mass)