Biochemistry: Metabolism Flashcards
What occurs in mitochondria?
fatty acid oxidation (beta-oxidation), acetyl-CoA production, oxidative phosphorylation and ketogenesis, TCA cycle,
What occurs in the cytoplasm?
HMP shunt, glycolysis, synthesis of steroids on the (SER) and proteins on RER, and synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and nucleotides
What occurs in both the mitochondria and cytoplasm?
HUGS- heme synthesis, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis
What does a kinase do?
catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from high energy molecule like ATP to substrate
What does phosphorylase do?
adds phosphate without using ATP
What does phosphatase do?
removes phosphate
Dehydrogenase?
catalyzes redox reactions
Mutase?
relocates a functional group within a molecule
synthase/synthetase?
joins to molecules together using ATP
What is a monosaccharide? Examples?
simple sugar- can’t be hydrolyzed-glucose, fructose and galactose. Glycogen is a polysaccharide
TCA (tricarboxylic acid), Kreb cycle or citric acid cycle- what is it?
Takes acetyl-coA and makes ATP(1) and NADPH (3) and 1 FAD(2H)
HMP shunt? (pg 74)
pentose phosphate pathway- works alongside glycolysis to oxidize glucose and make NADPH, pentoses and ribose 5 phosphate (used to make nucleotides)Occurs in cytoplasm, no ATP used
What does the urea cycle do?
Ammonia is the waste product of amino acid breakdown. The cycle converts ammonia into urea for safe excretion.
How many ATP do you get from one glucose? What about anaerobic metabolism of glucose?
32 from malate-aspartate shuttle (heart and liver). only 2 from anaerobic metabolism
Where is NADPH created? What is it used for?
created in HMP shunt and used for anabolic processes- respiratory burst, cytochrome P450, glutathione
What is the net glycolysis equation?
glucose +2Pi +2ADP +2NAD+—->2 pyruvate +2 ATP +2NADH +2H+ +2H20
What does arsenic do? What are the side effects?
Inhibits lipoic acid which is a cofactor for the pyrivate dehydrogenase complex that takes pyruvate and converts to acetyl coA for the TCA cycle? Vomiting, diarrhea, long qt, garlic breath, skin pigment changes
what is pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency?
get a build up of pyruvate and go down lactic acid pathway so you get lots of LDH and alanine (ALT). The treatment is ketogenic so lots of lysine and leucine in high fat diet
How many NADH, FADH2, CO2 and GTP does each TCA cycle make?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 GTP for every 1 molecule of acetyl-coA
What is glucose-6 P dehydrogenase deficiency?
Don’t have enough NADPH to keep glutathione reduced so it can’t have antioxidant effect on RBCs so you get denatured globin in RBCs (Heinz bodies) then bite cells (spleen tries to destroy them)
What is classic galactosemia?
deficiency in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase so you get build up of toxic galactitol- goes to lens of eye- lactose is galactose and glucose so once they start breastfeeding you get jaundice, FTT, vomiting, infantile cataracts, hepatomegaly and intellectual disability. Tx is to exclude galactose and lactose
what is sorbitol?
the alcohol storage form of glucose. Some tissues can store it this way, but you need aldose
What is lactase deficiency?
primary- age associated loss of allele (can’t breakdown lactose to glucose and galactose). Secondary- gastroenteritis ruins brush border (autoimmune or viral). Diagnosis- hydrogen breath test- decreased pH and increased hydrogen in breath. Tx-take lactase pills or avoid.
What are the essential AA’s?
Phenylalanine, Valine, Tyrosine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Lysine, Leucine
