Respiritory system

Question 1

External, Internal, and cellular respiration

Answer 1

external: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
internal: exchange between body tissues and blood
cellular: series of energy releasing chemical reactions in the cells
- produce ATP

Question 2

Nasal Passages

Answer 2

warm , moisten, and clean incoming air
-cilia: move foriegn particles into the nose and throut to be coughed or sneezed out
-mucous: clean air by trapping foreign particles

Question 3

Pharynx

Answer 3

an air filled channel in the mouth
-two openings branch into the esophagus and the trachea

Question 4

larynx

Answer 4

Voice box
- composed of two thin sheets of elastic ligimants called vocal chords
- different sounds are caused by a chnage in vocal chord tension

Question 5

epiglottis

Answer 5

a flap like structure that covers the opening of the trachea when food is swallowed
- is forced to the roof of the mouth and ushed bacward

Question 6

trachea

Answer 6

windpipe:
-contain ciliated cells which produce mucous
-mucous trap and cilia sweep
-wall is supported by cartilage rings which keep the trachea open

Question 7

bronchi(2)

Answer 7

contain cartilage rings

Question 8

brinchioles

Answer 8

smaller airway branches
- dont contain cartilage
-smooth muscle can decrease the size of diameter

Question 9

alveoli

Answer 9

tiny blind ended sacs
- surrounded by capillaries
-gases diffuse between air and blood according to concentration gradients
- single layer of cells permits rapid gas exchange
- avoid sticking by lipoprotein

Question 10

Respiritory distess syndrome

Answer 10

some newborn babies dont produce enough lipoproteins

Question 11

pleural membrane

Answer 11

lines the inner wall of the thoratic cavity
- filled with fluids that reduce friction between the lungs and the thoratic cavity

Question 12

diaphragm

Answer 12

a sheet of muscle that seperates the organs of the thoratci cavity and those from the abdominal cavity

Question 13

intercostal muscles

Answer 13

found between the ribs and along the inside surface of the ribs

Question 14

inhalation

Answer 14

begins with external rib muscles and diapragm contracting
-the rib cage expands up and outwards
-the diaphragm flattenms out
- increase in volume therefore the pressure in thoratic cavity decreases
-air moves with it’s pressure gradient from environment to lungs

Question 15

exhalation

Answer 15

Diaphragm and rib muscles relax
- reduces the volume of the thoratic cavity
- lung volume decreases and pressure increases
- air moves from lung to environment

Question 16

spiragraph

Answer 16

represents the amount of air that moves in to and out of the lungs with each breath

Question 17

volumes in the lungs

Answer 17

Tidal- v with each normal breath

Inspiritory- additional v of air that can be taken into lungs

expiritory- additional v of air that can be forced out of the lungs

vital- total gas in and out of the lungs

residual- amount of gas that always remains in lungs and respiritory system passageways even after exhalation

Question 18

daltons law of partial pressure

Answer 18

each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure, which is proportional to the total volume

Question 19

external respirations

Answer 19

inhalation-
gases are exchanged between alveoli and the blood in capillaries
- air in alveoli from environment has a high o2 concentrartion and the blood has a low o2 concentration
-o2 diffues into blood and 30% by facillitated diffusion

exhalation-
blood entering the capillaries ha s a higher co2 thamn alveoli and diffuses from blood to alvoli and is exhaled

Question 20

oxygen transported in two ways

Answer 20

hemoglobin(99%)
dissolved in blood

Question 21

carbon dioxide transported in three ways

Answer 21

hemoglobin(23%)
carried in plasma(7%)
dissolved in the blood as bicarbonate ion(70%)

Question 22

process of bicarbonate

Answer 22

co2 + h20 forms carbonic acid
carbonci acids breaks down and dissociates into H and bicarbonate ion

H ion combine with hemoglobin
Bicarbonate ion diffuses into the plasma

When blood is in the lungs the process is reversed

Question 23

Regulation Of Breathing

Answer 23

movements controlled by the medulla oblongata

Chemoreceptors- specialized nerve receptors that are sensitive to specific chemicals
- two are involved- Oxygen and Carbon dioxide(most sensitive and main) or acid receptors

Question 24

CO2 receptors

Answer 24

co2 dissolved in blood and forms carbonic acid
- once co2 accumulates the chemoreceptors are activated
- the medulla oblongata is then activated and relays messagaes to the diaphragm and ribs to begin breathing movements
-co2 levels decrease and chemoreceptors are deactivated

Question 25

oxygen receptors

Answer 25

found in cartoid and aortic arteries
detect low levels of o2
work the same as co2 receptros
02 levels increase with increased ventilation.