Circusltory System

Question 1

Main functions of blood

Answer 1

Transport gases, nutrients, and hormones

Regulate temperature

Protects against microbes and toxic substances

Question 2

3 main components of circulatory system

Answer 2

Blood
Blood vessels
Heart

Question 3

Arteries

Answer 3

Carry blood from heart to body
- elastic walls
- pulse( measure of rhythmic expansion and contraction)
- thin to arterioles

Question 4

Veins

Answer 4

Carry blood from body/ lungs to the heart
- thinner wales and a larger inner circumference
- not elastic
- move blood through one way valves and skeletal muscle contraction
- venules expand to veins

Question 5

Capillaries

Answer 5

Smallest blood vessels
- where gases and other materials are transferred from blood to tissues and vice versa
- diameter is a single cell layer
- spread through body

Question 6

Pulmonary

Answer 6

Transport oxygen poor blood to lungs

Question 7

Systemic circuit

Answer 7

Transport oxygen rich blood from heart to body

Question 8

Electric signals in the heart

Answer 8

Involuntary
- Sa node stimulates the muscle cells to contract and relax rhythmically( right atrium)

1. Electrical signal from SA spread over two atria and make them contract simultaneously
2. As the atria contract the signal reaches the AV node
3. Electrical signal then proceeds through the bundle of his
4. Fibers relay the signal through branches called perkinje divers
5. Stimulates contraction of ventricular

Question 9

Electro cardio gram

Answer 9

Change in voltage produced by electrical signal

Question 10

Lub Dub

Answer 10

Lub- closing of AV valves during ventricular contraction
Dub: closing of semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation

Heart murmur- valves not closing properly

Question 11

Blood pressure

Answer 11

Pressure exerted against the vessel walls by blood
- systolic
- Diastolic

Question 12

Blood pressure receptors

Answer 12

Baroreceptors
- in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries
- monitor blood pressure and signal heart to beat with more or less force
- high blood pressure is called hypertension

Question 13

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Answer 13

Dilation- amount of blood going to arteries increases and heat dissipates across skin
Constriction- blood vessels constrict and the amount of heat that dissapates is reduced

Question 14

Blood is composed of two parts

Answer 14

Plasma: water, gases, nutrients and wastes
Formed Portion: RBC, WBC, platelets 45%

Formed in bone marrow

Question 15

RBC

Answer 15

Erythrocytes
- specialized of oxygen transport
- biconcave, enucleated, contain hemoglobin

Hemoglobin: respiratory pigment that transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide

Question 16

Anemia

Answer 16

Either too few RBC or hemoglobin
- results in less oxygen being transported
Tired

Question 17

WBC

Answer 17

Leukocytes
- part of an immune response
-

Question 18

Platelets

Answer 18

Fragments of cells that form when larger cells in bone marrow break apart

• key role in blood clotting
• injury trigger enzyme reactions that attract platelets
• if calcium is present prothrombin is converted to thrombin
• thrombin and calcium convert fubrinogen into fibrin

Question 19

Capillary action

Answer 19

Only vessels thin enough for diffusion
- most cells adjacent to capillary bods

Materials diffuse via their concentration gradient
- at the arteriole end the nutrients in the capillary are high and low in cells
- at the venoule end waste and carbon dioxide are high in cells and low in the capillary

Question 20

Interstitial fluid

Answer 20

The fluid between the capillaries and the cells

Question 21

Glycoproteins

Answer 21

Special markers located in some of the Red blood cells

• seen as foreign in the wrong blood type

Question 22

Antibodies

Answer 22

Proteins formed within the blood that react with antigens and cause the blood to clump

Agglutinate- refers to the clumping of blood cells cause by antigens and antibodies

Question 23

Rhesus factor

Answer 23

Another type of antigen

Erethoblasosis fatalis; occurs when mom is rh negative and baby is rh positive

Question 24

Lymphatic system

Answer 24

Network of vessels associated with galena or nodes throughout the body
- lymph vessels collect a fluid called lymph

• help maintain balance of fluid
• certain white blood cells mature and macrophages are stored in the lymph nodes

Question 25

First line

Answer 25

Mainly physical including skin and mucous and cilia
- chemical provided by stomach and lysozyme

Question 26

Second line

Answer 26

Cell mediated non specific; if the invader resides in the body
- kill bacteria using phagocytosis( a process where one cell ingests the other
- natural killer cells target cancerous or infected cells

Question 27

Third line

Answer 27

Anti body mediated specific
- lymphocytes: respond to foreign invader and antibodies and stored in the thymus
- T cells produced in bone marrow and pass info to B cells
- B cells produce single antibody

Question 28

Antibody in immune response

Answer 28

Y shaped proteins designed to target forgein invader
- specific
- tails are similar
- variation exists at outer edge

Question 29

Types of T cells

Answer 29

Helper- read a blueprint of the invader
Killer- bind with infected s and puncture a hole in the membrane
Suppressor- normally intercept t and B cells from attacking normal body tissues
Memory- holds an imprint of the antigen or antigens which characterize the infection

Question 30

Allergies

Answer 30

Harmless mistaken for harmful

Question 31

Autoimmune

Answer 31

Suppressor T cells do not suppress

Question 32

Vaccines

Answer 32

Dead or mostly dead viruses are injected so that antibodies are formed