Respiratory Tract Infections

Question 1

Micro-organism pathogenicity

Answer 1

Primary>facultative>opportunistic

Question 2

Coryza

Answer 2

Common cold, URTI

Question 3

Sore throat syndrome

Answer 3

URTI

Question 4

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis

Answer 4

Croup, URTI

Question 5

Laryngitis, sinusitis, acute epiglottitis

Answer 5

URTI

Question 6

LRTI

Answer 6

Bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

Question 7

Respiratory Tract defence mechanisms

Answer 7

MQ mucociliary escalator system

general, secretions, filter in nose hairs

Question 8

Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system

Answer 8

Clears depositions in alveoli which have been engulfed by alveolar macrophages. cough reflex to clear mucous. Mostly we swallow it. Keeps lower respiratory tract sterile

Question 9

Pneumonia

Answer 9

Affects alveoli (parenchyma).

Question 10

Aetiological classification of pneumonia

Answer 10

Community acquired
Hospital acquired 
Immunocompromised
Atypical
Aspiration
Recurrent

Question 11

Patterns of pneumonia

Answer 11

Broncho - bilateral basal
Segmental
Local
Hypostatic (fluid build up)
Aspiration

Question 12

Bad outcomes of pneumonia

Answer 12

Pleurisy, pleural effusion, empyema, organisation, abscess, bronchiectasis (saggy)

Question 13

Causes of lung abscess

Answer 13

Tumour, Aspiration, organisms, necrotic lung, metastasis

Question 14

Bronchiectasis

Answer 14

75% starts in childhood, cough with foul sputum, coarse crackles, clubbing. Can cause heammhorage

Question 15

Causes of aspiration pnuemonia

Answer 15

Vomiting, oesophageal lesion, obstetric anaesthesia, neuromuscular disorders, sedation

Question 16

FIO2

Answer 16

21%

Question 17

Type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 17

PaO2<8kPa

Question 18

Type 2 respiratory failure

Answer 18

PaCO2>6.5kPa (usually low O2)

Question 19

4 causes of hypoxaemia

Answer 19

Ventilation/perfusion imbalance
Diffusion impairment
Alveolar hypoventilation
Shunt

Question 20

Pulmonary vascular changes in hypoxia

Answer 20

Vessels constrict to protect body

Question 21

Treatment for hypoxaemia due to low V/Q (pneumonia)

Answer 21

Increased oxygen

Question 22

Shunt

Answer 22

Usually 2-4%, does not respond to increased FIO2