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Respiratory System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of human development

A

0-3 weeks, pre-embryonic phase
4-8 weeks, embryonic phase
9-40 weeks, foetal phase

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2
Q

Pre sperm cell

A

Spermatogonium

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3
Q

Pre egg cell

A

Oogonium

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4
Q

Zygote

A

Product of fertilisation

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5
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of cells

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6
Q

Blastocyst

A

Group of cells with inner cell mass, blastocyst cavity and trophoblast outer lining of cells

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7
Q

Cell division timings

A

Decrease as more divisions occur

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8
Q

Abnormal cilia function

A

Can result in ectopic pregnancy

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9
Q

When does placenta develop

A

Day 6

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10
Q

Bilaminar disc

A

Shape the pre embryonic cells form

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11
Q

Chorion

A

Trophoblast has villi to implant in epithelium. Secretes Human Chorionoic Godatrophin which is used in pregnancy tests

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12
Q

Decidua basalis

A

Part of the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus (with maternal blood vessels)

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13
Q

Myometrium

A

Smooth muscle around uterus

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14
Q

Bilaminar disc cavities

A

Amniotic above epiblasts, yolk sac below hypoblasts

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15
Q

Allantoic cavity

A

Waste products

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16
Q

Main functions of the placenta

A

Foetal nutrition, transport of waste and gases, immune

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17
Q

Foetal part and surface of placenta

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord

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18
Q

Maternal part of placenta

A

Decidua basalis of endometrium. Rough, with maternal blood vessels

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19
Q

Placenta facts

A

Matures by 18-20 weeks. Weighs 1/6 of the foetus

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20
Q

what happens in Week 3

A

Gastrulation (formation of germ layers), neuralation, development of somites and early development of cardiovascular system

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21
Q

Primitive streak

A

Formed in midline of epiblast, forms axis

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22
Q

Trilaminar disc formation

A

Epiblast cells migration and displace hypoblast, 3 germ layers formed: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm. Cells are now specialised

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23
Q

Notochord formation

A

Ectoderm sinks down, separates a bit into a solid tube of cells

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24
Q

Neural tube formation

A

Again ectoderm sinks to form neural plate, this folds to form neural tube

25
Q

Mesoderm separation

A

Into paraxial mesoderm, intermediate plate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm (which splits into a v)

26
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm form

A

Somites

27
Q

What does the intermediate plate mesoderm form

A

Urogenital system (kidneys and reproductive)

28
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm form

A

Body cavity and coverings

29
Q

Somites

A

Ridges/segments in paraxial mesoderm

30
Q

Lateral folding of embryo

A

Ectoderm surrounds. Endoderm forms inner tube(gut). Lateral plate mesoderm forms squashed semicircular tube

31
Q

Head and tail fold when will they be formed

A

By week 6

32
Q

Further somite development into 3 categories

A

Dermatome(skin), myotome(muscle), sclerotome(bone)

33
Q

Dermatome- compartment of somite turns into

A

Dermis of skin

34
Q

Myotome, a somite section that turns into..

A

Muscles

35
Q

Sclerotome, a somite that turns into..

A

Bones including vertebrae

36
Q

What will ectoderm form

A

Epidermis of skin and neural tube (and notochord which forms the nucleus pulposes)

37
Q

What will endoderm form

A

Gut and respiratory

38
Q

What will mesoderm form

A

Dermis, muscles, bones, urogenital, peritoneum, pleura, body cavities

39
Q

Teratology

A

Study of when things go wrong in pregnancy

40
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome

A

German measles

41
Q

Risk of teratogenesis

A

1-2 low risk as death risk is high, 3-8 high sensitivity to teratogens, weeks 9-38 decreasing sensitivity to teratogens

42
Q

Diagnosis of prenatal malformations

A

Blood - AFP
Ultrasound at 12 weeks
Invasive eg Chorionoic sampling amniocentesis

43
Q

Diagnosis of postnatal malformations

A

Hip stability
Testes descent
Fingers and toes
Hearing

44
Q

When does respiratory system start and end developing

A

Tracheal buds form in 4th week, lobes are formed at 8 weeks

45
Q

Foregut (oesophagus) buds to lungs

A

Laryngeal groove starts on ventral side which forms trachea from respiratory diverticulum then lung buds. Oesophagotracheal septum forms to separate them

46
Q

Where do lung buds invaginate

A

Pleural cavities (splanchnic mesoderm) laterally forming the 2 layers like a squashed balloon

47
Q

What forms the gut tube

A

Endoderm (foregut, midgut and hindgut) from embryo folding in week 3

48
Q

Tracheoeosophageal fistula

A

When the trachea and oesophagus are accidentally connected

49
Q

Atresia

A

An orifice or passage is abnormally closed or absent

50
Q

The initial gaps between the parietal and visceral pleura

A

Pleuroperitoneal canals between somatic mesoderm and visceral mesoderm

51
Q

What separates the pleural and pericardial cavities

A

Pleuropericardial folds

52
Q

Embryonic phase

A

0-7 weeks

53
Q

Pseudoglandular phase in respiratory

A

7-17 weeks, the pulmonary structures are all set up except those used for gas exchange

54
Q

Canalicular phase in respiratory

A

17-27 weeks, terminal bronchioles make tubes for respiratory part of lung and type 1/2 pnuemocytes are differentiated

55
Q

Saccular stage in respiratory

A

27-40 weeks, alveolar sacs are formed which divide and divide into alveoli

56
Q

Alveolar stage in respiratory

A

32 weeks to 8 years, alveoli form and enlarge and number of respiratory bronchioles increase

57
Q

RDS

A

Caused by lack of surfactant, a mixture of phospholipids and proteins

58
Q

Respiratory congenital conditions

A

Accessory lobes, lobe of azygous vein, agenesis of lung (missing lung)

59
Q

Hiatus hernia types

A

Sliding or paraesophageal/rolling (to the side)

Respiratory System (25 decks)

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