Clinical Features And Staging Of Lung Cancers Flashcards
Cancer death stats
22% of cancer deaths in the UK
Symptoms of lung cancer
Chronic cough, coughing blood, wheeze, chest and bone pain, chest infections, difficulty swallowing, hoarse voice, shortness of breath, unexplained weight loss, nail clubbing
Paraneoplastic symptoms (hormones or immune response to cancer)
Hyponatraemia (low Na)
Anaemia
Hypercalcaemia
Dermatomyositis (muscle weakness)
Eaton Lambert syndrome (limb weakness)
Cerebellar ataxia (balance, speech and coordination)
Sensorimotor neuropathy (nerves can stop working)
Clinical signs of lung cancer
Chest signs, clubbing, lymphadenopathy, horners syndrome (unequal pupils), pancoast tumour, superior vena cava obstruction, hepatomegaly, skin nodules
Initial investigations by the GP
CXR, FBC, renal/liver/calcium bloods, clotting screen, spirometry
Tissue diagnosis
Bronchoscopy, EBUS, lung/liver biopsy, FNA of neck node or skin metastasis, excision of brain metastasis, bone biopsy
occurence of Types of lung cancer by histology
Mostly adenocarcinoma, then squamous, then small cell then large cell
T1
T1a <2cm
T1b 2-3cm
No invasion
T2
T2a 3-5cm
T2b 5-7cm
Further than 2cm to the carina with lobar atelactasis or obstructive pnumonia
T3
Bigger than 7cm and closer than 2cm to carina, atelactasis (collapse) of whole lung, invasion of chest wall/diaphragm/Mediastinum/pleura/pericardium. Has nodules in same lobe
T4
In carina, nodes in other ipsilateral lobes, invasion of heart/great vessels/trachea/oesophagus/spine
N0
No nodes
N1
Ipsilateral hilar or peribronchial nodes
N2
Ipsilateral mediastinal or subcarinal nodes
N3
Contralateral mediastinal or hilar nodes or scales or supraclavicular nodes
