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Pathology 3000 > Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Nose to throat

Respiratory epithelium

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2
Q

Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx + oropharynx

Squamous epithelium

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3
Q

Larynx

A

Starts at epiglottis and contains vocal cords

Squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Trachea

A

Only part of the middle respiratory tract

Respiratory epithelium

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5
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Cuboidal epithelium
Ciliated cells, mucous producing cells, neuroendocrine cells, reserve (progenitor) cells
Protective role

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6
Q

Alveoli

A

Lined by pneumocytes

Type 1 and Type 2

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7
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes

A

Air exchange cells

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8
Q

Type 2 pneumocytes

A

Surfactant producing cells

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9
Q

Surfactant

A

Increases surface tension, allowing alveoli to remain open

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10
Q

Upper respiratory tract infections

A

The common cold
Caused by viruses (rhinoviruses, influenze, parainfluenza)
Self-limited, do not need antibiotics
Acute inflammation of nose, paranasal sinuses, larynx, pharynx

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11
Q

Viral pneumonia

A

URI going to lungs

Usually in immunocompromised

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12
Q

Otitis media

A

URI going to middle ear

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13
Q

Middle respiratory tract infection

A

Infection of laryx, trachea and mainstem bronchi
Most common among children
Results from extension of URI, may be associated with pneumonia
Can be life threatening to adults

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14
Q

Laryngitis

A

MRI
Croup
Inflammation of larynx causing stridor and barking cough
Parainfluenza virus

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15
Q

Acute epiglottitis

A

MRI
Haemophilus influenzae
Immunization is standard
Life threatening

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16
Q

Viral trachaeobronchitis

A

MRI

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17
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

MRI

More lower, but not aveoli

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18
Q

Lower respiratory tract infections

A

Pneumonia
Bacteria, viruses, fungi
Alveolar or interstitial pneumonia

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19
Q

Alveolar pneumonia

A

Caused by bacteria
Focal or diffuse
Neutrophils and exudate in alveolia

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20
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Focal alveolar pneumonia

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21
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Diffuse alveolar pneumonia

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22
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

Caused by viruses or Mycoplasma pneumonia (atypical bacteria)
Diffuse and bilateral
Alveolar septal thickening with macrophages and lymphocytes
Needs to be cultured

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23
Q

Pathogenesis of pneumomia (4)

A
  1. Inhalation of pathogens as air droplets
  2. Aspiration of infected secretions from URT
  3. Aspiration of gastric contents
  4. Hematogenous spread (bacteriemia, sepsis)
24
Q

Clinical features of pneumonia

A

Fever, chills
Cough
Airway obstruction, shortness of breath, rapid breathing
Inflammation and tissue destruction, bloody cough

25
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

26
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing

27
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Bloody couch

28
Q

Common causes of pneumonia (4)

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Bacteria-like organisms
29
Q

Complications of pneumonia (4)

A
  1. Scar tissue
  2. Pus in pleural space
  3. Large collection of neutrophils with destruction of tissue
  4. Chronic changes in lung parenchyma
30
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis

A 
M. tuberculosis with tiny rod-shaped bacteria with acid-resistant coating
Gramulomatous reactions (nodules of multinucleated macrophages and lymphocytes with central necrosis)
31
Q

Primary pulmonary tuberculosis infection

A

Localized lung lesion - Ghon’s complex
Enlarged lymph nodes
Heals but dormant bacteria may be present

32
Q

Secondary tuberculosis

A

Reactivated infection
Bacteria spread to lung apices
Cause granulomatous pneumonia

33
Q

Widespread dissemination of TB

A

Hematogenous, lymphatic or via airways

Miliary TB in lungs, pleuritis, extrapulmonary granulomas

34
Q

Asthma

A

Inflammatory condition
Increased responsiveness of bronchi to variety of stimuli
Intrinsic, extrinsic
Asthma attacks
Most common chronic disease of children, resolves spontaneously in adults

35
Q

Intrinsic (non-atopic) asthma

A

Heat/cold, exercise, chemical irritant, psychological stress, infection

36
Q

Extrinsic (atopic) asthma

A

Exposure to exogenous allergens
Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions - mediators of inflammation
Associated with food allergies, dermatitis, usually in children
Over time - smooth muscle and mucous gland hyperplasia

37
Q

Chronic obstructive lung disease

A

COPD
Term for lung diseases causing chronic airway obstruction
Including chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Vast majority caused by smoking

38
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Excessive production of bronchial mucous causing productive cough, must be 3mo over 2 years
Permanent dilation of bronchi caused by persistent inflammation
Mucous material stagnates, cannot be cleared
Scarring in lungs, pulmonary hypertension, right sided heart failure
Cyanosis and fluid retention

39
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilation of bronchi due to persistent inflammation

40
Q

Cyanosis

A

Decreased oxygen to peripheries

41
Q

Emphysema

A

Enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles
Destruction of alveolar walls
No productive cough
Reduced respiratory surface with compensatory tachypnea
Over expanded and overinflated chest - barrel chest

42
Q

Pneumoconioses

A

Lung diseases caused by inhalation of dust, fumes, inorganic and organic matter
Lung injury depends on size/qualities of particles, concentration and duration

43
Q

Asbestosis

A

Pneumoconioses due to asbestos

Usually large and retain in nose

44
Q

Lung lesions associated with asbestos (4)

A
  1. Pulmonary fibrosis (shortness of breath)
  2. Pleural fibrosis, pleural plaques (asymptomatic)
  3. Lung cancer
  4. Mesothelioma
45
Q

Most common neoplasms of the RT (2)

A
  1. Carcinoma of the larynx

2. Lung carcinoma

46
Q

Carcinoma of the larynx

A

Older age, male, smoking, alcohol

Vocal cords

47
Q

Lung carcinoma

A

Most common malignant tumor of internal organs
Smoking
Small cell carcinoma, non-small cell carcinoma
Poor prognosis
Usually from bronchiole tree

48
Q

Carcinogenic

A

Activation of oncogenes and/or activation of tumor suppressor genes

49
Q

Irritant

A

Causes metaplasia

50
Q

Types of lung carcinoma (2)

A
  1. Small cell carcinoma

2. Non-small cell carcinoma

51
Q

Small cell carcinoma

A

Precursor: neuroendocrine cell

52
Q

Non-small cell carcinoma (3)

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma
  2. Adenocarcinoma
  3. Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma
53
Q

Clinical features of lung cancer (4)

A
  1. Bronchial irritation
  2. Local extension into pleural cavity, pleural effusion and shortness of breath
  3. Distant metastasis
  4. Systemic affects
54
Q

Metastatic cancer to lung

A

Even more common than primary lung cancer

May present as solitary lesion, multiple lesions, diffuse involvement of lungs

55
Q

Pleural disease (4)

A
  1. Pneumothorax
  2. Pleural effusion
  3. Epyema
  4. Mesothelioma
56
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Rare tumor from pleural cells (parietal or visceral)
Linked to asbestos exposure but can be sporadic
Poor prognosis

Pathology 3000 (14 decks)

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