Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology 3000 > Bones and Joints - Final Exam > Flashcards

Bones and Joints - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones to adult humans have?

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much body weight do the bones attribute?

A

12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much bone is replaced annually?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer layer of fibrous tissue surrounding bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cortical bone

A

Hard layer of bone surrounding inner cancellous bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Medullary layer

A

Primarily in long bone
Inside cancellous bone
Reticular or lace formation
Supports bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bone marrow

A

Makes blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells of the bone (3)

A
  1. Osteoclast
  2. Osteoblast
  3. Osteocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osteoid

A

Calcified type I collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Osteoclast

A

Used to remodel bone

Resorb osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osteoblast

A

Make osteoid and control mineralization of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Osteocyte

A

Osteoblasts that have surrounded themselves with bone

Involved in mineralization and sense mechanical forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epiphys

A

End of long bones, associated with cartilage cap and joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Metaphysis

A

Contains growth plate

Changes radically during growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diaphysis

A

Central portion of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two mechanisms of bone formation

A

Endochondral ossification

Intramembranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Long bones

Cartilage makes bone bigger first, then turned into bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Flat bones

Fibrous tissue is taken up and calcified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Functions of bones

A

Support muscles, facilitate movement
Protect organs
Site of bone marrow
Storage of calcium and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vitamin D functions (3)

A
  1. Increased Ca absorption by intestine
  2. Resorption of Ca by kidneys
  3. Bone mineralization (calcification of osteoid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cause of Vitamin D deficiency (3)

A
  1. Lack of exposure to sunlight
  2. Inadequate intake
  3. Abnormal intestinal absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

Osteopenia (osteomalacia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Osteopenia

A

Decreased mineralization of bone
Bones are soft, pliable
Increased fractures
Rickets in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Osteoporosis

A 
Reduction of bone mass
Often multifactorial
Cortical and medullary bone is lost
Fracture risk increases (can be caused by body weight alone, vertebrae, hips and distal radius)
Primary or secondary
26
Q

Primary osteoporosis

A

Idiopathic

Older age, menopause, diet/lifestyle, low initial bone mass

27
Q

Secondary osteoporosis (5)

A

Due to identifiable cause

  1. Hormone inbalances (menopausal women)
  2. Dietary insufficiency
  3. Drugs (steroids)
  4. Tumours (hormone production or direct bone destruction)
  5. Immobilization
28
Q

Fractures

A

Disruption of bone structure
Usually due to trauma
Complete or incomplete
Simple, comminuted, open/compound, complicated, pathogenic

29
Q

Complete fracture

A

Through entire thickness of bone

30
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Through partial thickness of bone

31
Q

Simple fracture

A

One fracture

32
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Multiple fractures

33
Q

Closed fracture

A

Skin intact

34
Q

Open/compound fracture

A

Skin disrupted

35
Q

Complicated fracture

A

Infected

36
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Due to abnormal bone (osteoporosis, tumour)

37
Q

Fracture healing (4)

A
  1. Blood fills gap left by fracture and clots (hematoma)
  2. Inflammatory cell, fibroblasts, and new capillaries use clot framework and ingrow (granulation tissue)
  3. Soft tissue becomes woven bone (bony callus)
  4. Matures and subjected to physical/weight bearing stress - remodelling to become like regular bone, but only 70% of former strength
38
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Infection of bone
Usually bacterial (occasionally fungal, rarely viral)
Tries to wall off infection by making more bone, with necrotic tissue in center, can have sinus formation
Difficult to treat (surgery, amputation)

39
Q

Causes of osteomyelitis (3)

A
  1. Direct inoculation/trauma (stabbed into bone)
  2. From adjacent joint (septic joint)
  3. Haematogenously (by blood)
40
Q

Bone tumors

A

Rare
Benign (osteoma) or malignant (osteosarcoma)
Mainly in children or young adults
Each bone tumour has preferred site

41
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Most common primary bone malignancy
Occurs in children/adolescents
Common in metaphysis of long bones
Tumour of osteoblasts, making disorganized osteoid
Typically metastatic at presentation (lungs)
Treated with chemotherapy and surgery
60-70% live 5 years post-treatment

42
Q

Joint

A

Connection between 2 or more bones
Allows movement, support and structure
Two types

43
Q

Two types of joints

A
  1. Synarthroses - little to no movement

2. Synovial - allow movement

44
Q

Synovial joints

A

Bones covered in cartilage
Non-boney surfaces covered with synovial cells that produce fluid
Surrounded by capsule made of connective tissue/tendons
May have meniscus (fibrous tissue that absorbs shock)

45
Q

Osteoarthritis

A 
Degenerative joint disease
Affects weight bearing joints (knee)
Increased incidence with age and weight
Due to wear and tear
Cartilage damage
Many symptoms
46
Q

Cartilage damage of osteoarthritis (5)

A
  1. Exposed bone
  2. Boney sclerosis (looks like ivory, called eburnation)
  3. Cysts form in bone (fibrosis in bone marrow spaces)
  4. New nodules of bone form, project into joint space and adjacent soft tissue
  5. Inflammation and welling
47
Q

Eburnation

A

Boney sclerosis

Makes bone look like ivory

48
Q

Osteophytes

A

New nodules of bone

Project into joint spaces and adjacent soft tissue

49
Q

Symptoms of osteoarthritis (6)

A
  1. Pain
  2. Crepitus
  3. Swelling, inflammation
  4. Deformation
  5. Loss of mobility
  6. Stiffness ***improves with rest
50
Q

Crepitus

A

Cartilage degeneration

51
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Systemic autoimmume disease affecting synovial joints
May affect any age group
Synovium becomes markedly inflamed
Inflammatory cells and fluid expand joint pace (pannus formation)
Inflammation stimulates growth of vessels and proliferation of synovium, produce factors that induce injury to cartilage and bone
Bone fusion (ankyloses) can appear

52
Q

Characteristic features of rheumatoid arthritis (3)

A
  1. Chronic, symmetric inflammation of joints
  2. Serologic evidence of autoimmune disorder
  3. Extra-articular manifestations (splenomegaly, skin nodules)
53
Q

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (5)

A
  1. Pain
  2. Joint deformity
  3. Limited mobility (scarred into place)
  4. Contractures
  5. Stiffness (improves with movement)
54
Q

Pannus formation

A

Inflammatory cells and fluid expanding joint space

55
Q

Ankyloses

A

Bone fusion

56
Q

Gout

A

Disease due to hyperuricemia
Deposition of uric acid crystals in various body sites (big toe)
Primary or secondary
Uric acid crystals are insoluble in tissue
Lower temperatures encourage crystallization, which induce inflammation
Acute or chronic

57
Q

Primary gout

A

Metabolic (increased uric acid production)

Renal (decreased uric acid excretion)

58
Q

Secondary gout

A

Malignancy, chronic kidney disease

59
Q

Acute gout

A

Pain, swelling, problems with mobility/walking, systemic symptoms
Last days

60
Q

Chronic gout

A 
Bone deformities
Gouty tophi (tumour like masses)

Pathology 3000 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions