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Pathology 3000 > Male Reproductive - Final Exam > Flashcards

Male Reproductive - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of testes (2)

A
  1. Production of sperm

2. Secretion of androgens by Leydig cells

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2
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Regulated by pituitary hormones FSH and LH

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3
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone and other androgenic hormones
Negative feedback to hypothalamus

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4
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Congenital malpositioning of testis outside of their normal scrotal location
3-4% of male newborns - retractile testes due to unclosed inguinal canal
1% males in first yol - do not have one or both testes in scrotum
Infertility if both are cryptorchid, and increased change of malignancy

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5
Q

Balanitis

A

Inflammation of the glans penis

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6
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of urethra

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7
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of prostate

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8
Q

Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the epididymis

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9
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of the testes

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10
Q

Localized infections in young men

A

Usually sexually transmitted

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11
Q

Localized infections in older men

A

Related to urinary retention - secondary to prostatic enlargement

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12
Q

Genital herpes

A

HSV type 2
Virus invades skin, producing group vesicles filled with clear fluid
Genital lesions are located on glans or skin of penis or scrotum
No permanent cure, but antivirals

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13
Q

Oral herpes

A

HSV Type 1

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14
Q

Gonorrhea

A

N. gonorrhoeae
Burning urination and yellow urethral purulent discharge
Some strains are antibiotic resistant

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15
Q

Nongonococcal urethritis

A

Caused by Chlamydia or Mycoplasma
Most common STD
Not accompanied by purulent discharge

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16
Q

Syphilis

A

Sexually acquired disease caused by Treponema pallidum

Primary, secondary and tertiary stages

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17
Q

Primary stage syphilis

A

Chancre and inguinal lymphadenopathy

18
Q

Chancre

A

Painless, indurated ulcer

Heals spontaneously

19
Q

Secondary stage syphilis

A

Systemic spread of spirochetes
Occurs 2 months to 2 years later
Systemic symptoms, fever, macular rash, condyloma latum (wart like lesions on genitals), hepatitis, other internal organ infammations

20
Q

Tertiary stage syphilis

A

CNS, cardiovscular lesions
Occurs approximately 20 years later
Incurable

21
Q

Tumors of testis (4)

A 
Rare
Most common in men 25-45 yo
Mostly germ cell origin
Usually malignant but can be successfully treated by surgery and chemotherapy/radiation
>90% survive
1. Germ cell tumours: 90%
2. Sex cord cell tumours (Leydig or Sertoli cells)
3. Lymphomas
4. Metastasis
22
Q

Germ cell tumours of testis (adults) (3)

A
  1. Seminoma
  2. Malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumour
  3. Mixed germ cell tumour
23
Q

Seminoma

A

Can be cured and treated

24
Q

Malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT) (4)

A

Prognosis isn’t good

  1. Embryonal carcinoma
  2. Teratoma
  3. Yolk sac tumour
  4. Chroiocarcinoma
25
Q

Yolk sac tumour

A

Secretes alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Endodermal sinuses, resembling primitive glomeruli (Schiller-Duvall bodies)
In prepuberty - likely benign

26
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

Secreted HCG

27
Q

Teratocarinoma mized NSGCT

A

AFP + hCG

28
Q

ITGCN

A

Intratubular germ cell neoplasm

Now germ cell neoplasia in situ

29
Q

Teratoma

A

Rare in pure form
Prepubertal is usually benign
More common mixed and malignant in adults
Can kill in males
Mixture of elements from more than one germ layer

30
Q

Embryonal carcinoma

A

20-30 yo
More aggressive than seminomas
Necrotic and hemorrhagic tumour composed of sheets of malignant cells

31
Q

Sex cord tumour of testes (2)

A

Rare - 5% of all testicular tumours

  1. Leydig cell
  2. Sertoli cell
32
Q

Leydig cell tumour

A

Produce excessive testosterone
Can cause precocious puberty in preadolescent males
10% can be malignant

33
Q

Sertoli cell tumour

A

Usually benign

34
Q

Metastases of testes (1 + 3)

A 
Lymphoma
Carcinoma of
1. Prostatic adenocarcinoma
2. Renal cell carcinoma
3. Colonic adenocarcinoma
35
Q

Testicular lymphoma

A 
Rare
Most common testicular cancer in old men
Non-Hodkin's Lymphoma - large cell
Usually disseminated, rarely confined to testis
Uncertain prognosis
36
Q

Diseases of the prostate (2)

A
  1. Benign prostatic hyperplasia

2. Carcinoma of the prostate

37
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Reactive enlargement of periurethral portion of prostate gland
Nodular hyperplasia that compresses urethra, making urination difficult
Pathogenesis is not fully understood

38
Q

Complications of nodular prostatic hyperplasia (5)

A
  1. Hydronephritis
  2. Reflux nephropathy
  3. Hydroureter
  4. Muscular hypertrophy of bladder
  5. Urine stasis, bladder dilation, infections
39
Q

Carcinoma of prostate

A

Most common cancer if internal organs in males
Cause is unkown
No major risk factors
Testosterone plays roll in pathogenesis
Racial differences in incidence (African > European > East Asian)
>100000 new cases per year
Third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in males
Tumor of old age

40
Q

Clinicopathologic features of prostate cancer (4)

A
  1. Most often located in peripheral parts of prostate
  2. Prostate specific antigen is good marker of prostate carcinoma (low specificity)
  3. Metastases to local lymph nodes, vertebrae, other bones, internal organs
  4. Bone metastases may be osetolytic or osteoblastic (serum alkaline phosphatase increase)
41
Q

Primary carcinoma of penis

A 
Rare is USA (1-2 of 100000)
Most common in other parts of the world
Circumcision may reduce risk
Metastases to inguinal lymph nodes first
Prognosis depends on stage of tumour
42
Q

Most common penile primary tumours (1)

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Some associated with HPV or poor hygiene

Pathology 3000 (14 decks)

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