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Pathology 3000 > Endocrine System - Final Exam > Flashcards

Endocrine System - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine effect

A

Hormones that are released into circulation and act on distant organs

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2
Q

Growth hormone

A

Tissue growth

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3
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

For thyroid to release thyroid homrone

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4
Q

ACTH

A

Acts on adrenal gland to make cortical homrones

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5
Q

FSH

A

Acts on testes and ovary
(Sperm, testosterone)
(Ova, estrogen, progesterone)

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6
Q

LH

A

Acts on testes and ovary
(Sperm, testosterone)
(Ova, estrogen, progesterone)

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7
Q

PRL

A

Acts on breast glandular tissue

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8
Q

Oxytocin

A

Lactation

Uterine contraction

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9
Q

ADH

A

Kidney

Water reabsorption

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10
Q

Major diseases of endocrine system classifications (3)

A
  1. Hyperfunction
  2. Hypofunction
  3. Tumours
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11
Q

Hyposecretion of hormones (3)

A
  1. Agenesis
  2. Atrophy
  3. Destruction
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12
Q

Hypersecretion of hormones (2)

A
  1. Tumour

2. Hyperplasia

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13
Q

Pituitary diseases (3)

A
  1. Pituitary hyperfunction
  2. Pituitary hypofunction
  3. Localized mass (causing compression of optic chiasm and basal portion of brain)
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14
Q

Pituitary tumours (4)

A
  1. Prolactinoma
  2. Somatotropic ademona
  3. Corticotropic ademona
  4. Non-functioning tumours
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15
Q

Prolactimona

A

Amenorrhea and galactorrhea

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16
Q

Somatotropic ademona

A

Acromegaly (post-pubertal patient)
or
Gigantism (prepubertal patient)

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17
Q

Corticotropic adenoma

A

Cushing disease

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18
Q

Causes of pituitary hypofunction (3)

A
  1. Acute postpartum pituitary insufficiency
  2. Tumours that compress the pituitary
  3. Trauma to base of skull or intracranial surgery
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19
Q

Acute postpartum pituitary insufficiency

A

Sheehan’s syndrome

Due to ischemia related post-partum pituitary necrosis

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20
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Decreased production of all pituitary hormones

General weakness, cold intolerance, poor appetite, weight loss, hypotension

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21
Q

Diseases of posterior pituitary (1)

A
  1. Diabetes insipidus
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22
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Lack of antidiuretic hormone

Polyuria (hypotonic urine)

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23
Q

Causes of diseases of posterior pituitary (4)

A
  1. Tumours
  2. Infections of brain or meninges
  3. intracranial hemorrhage
  4. Trauma or bones at base of skull or transection of pituitary stalk
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24
Q

Thyroid disease (4)

A
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Goiter
  4. Thyroid tumours
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25
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A 
Excess of free thyroid hormones in blood
More often seen in women
Thyroid is warm, nodular, diffusely enlarged
Hyperactive
Diarrhea
Warm/sweaty skin
Restlessness
Nervousness
Emotional lability
Muscle trmous
Tachycardia
Weightloss
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26
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism (5)

A
  1. Grave’s disease
  2. Idiopathic nodular hyperplasia
  3. Adenoma
  4. Exogenous thyroid (ingestion)
  5. Medication
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27
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Autoantibodies to TSH receptor on surface of thyroid follicle cells
Usual clinical features of hyperthyroidism + exophthalmos and pretibial edema

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28
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Bulging eyes

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29
Q

Goiter of thyroid

A

Nodular goiter
Nodules that enlarge and deform the thyroid
Secondary changes
Most are non-toxic (euthryoid)
Symptoms (hoarseness and cough) are related to compression of larynx

30
Q

Causes of nodular goiter (2)

A
  1. Iodine deficiency

2. Idiopathic

31
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism (4)

A
  1. Developmental disorders
  2. Thyroiditis
  3. Thyroidectomy
  4. Iodine deficiency
32
Q

Developmental disorders causing hypothyroidism

A

Aplasia of thyroid

33
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

Thyroiditis

Immune disease

34
Q

Hypothyroidism in children

A

Thyroid dwarfism and mental retardation (cretinism)

35
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults (5)

A
  1. Myxedema (doughlike puffy skin)
  2. Heart failure (bradycardia)
  3. Constipation
  4. Cold intolerance
  5. Muscle weakness
36
Q

Thyroid neoplasms (2)

A
  1. Benign tumours

2. Malignant tumours

37
Q

Benign tumours of thyroid

A

Follicular adenoma

38
Q

Follicular adenoma

A

Common, occuring in 3-4% of all adults

Limited significance

39
Q

Malignant tumours of thyroid (4)

A
  1. Papillary carcinoma
  2. Follicular carcinoma
  3. Medullary carcinoma
  4. Anaplastic carcinoma
40
Q

Papillary carcinoma

A

80% of all malignant thyroid tumours

Low grade with favourable prognosis

41
Q

Follicular carcinoma

A

Relatively good prognosis

42
Q

Medullary carcinoma

A

Derived from C-cells

Produces calcitonin

43
Q

Anaplastic carcinoma

A

Most patients due within 1 year of diagnosis

44
Q

Calcitonin

A

Reduces blood calcium

45
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood calcium

46
Q

Disease of parathyroid glands (2)

A
  1. Hyperparathyroidism

2. Hypoparathyroidism

47
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Primary and secondary

48
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Dye to parathyroid hyperplasia or neoplasia

49
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Due to chronic renal failure

50
Q

Parathyroid hyperplasia

A

Primary or secondary

51
Q

Primary parathyroid hyperplasia

A

All glands become bigger

52
Q

Secondary parathyroid hyperplasia

A

If kidneys are in trouble, Calcium levels are low

Stimulating parathyroid gland to increase parathyroid hormone

53
Q

Consequences of hyperparathyroidism (2)

A

Stones, bones, moans and groans

  1. Bone resorption
  2. Indirectly stimulates Ca absorption in intestine (hypercalcemia)
54
Q

Hypercalcemia (3)

A
  1. Renal stones
  2. Psychiatric manifestations (moans)
  3. Stomach ulcers (groans)
55
Q

Parathyroid neoplasia

A
  1. Ademona (selective for nodules)

2. Carcinoma (selective for nodules, invasive)

56
Q

Diseases of adrenal cortex (3)

A
  1. Adrenal hyperfunction
  2. Adrenal hypofunction
  3. Nonfunctioning adrenal tumours
57
Q

Adrenal hyperfunction (3)

A
  1. Hyperaldosteronism
  2. Hypercortisolism
  3. Adrenogenital syndrome
58
Q

Hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn’s syndrome

Zona glomerulosa

59
Q

Hypercortisolism

A

Cushing’s SYNDROME - primary due to adrenal

Zona fasciculata

60
Q

Adrenogenital synfrome

A

Zona reticularis

61
Q

Causes of hypercortisolism (4)

A
  1. Adrenal adenoma
  2. Adrenal hyperplasia (Cushing’s disease)
  3. Adrenal carcinoma
  4. Exogenous cortisol
62
Q

Clinical features of Cushing’s syndrome

A 
Moon faces
Obesity
Cutaneous striae
Emotional instability
Buffalo hump
Osteoporosis
Muscle wasting
63
Q

Adrenocortical hypofunction

A

Acute or chronic

64
Q

Acute adrenal insufficiency

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in menigococcal sepsis

65
Q

Chronic adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease

66
Q

Addison’s disease caused by (4)

A

Chronic adrenal insufficiency

  1. Autoimmune diseases (most common)
  2. Tumours (bilateral metastases to adrenals)
  3. Tuberculosis
  4. Amyloidosis
67
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A 
Fatigue
Weigh loss
Nausea
Hypotensive and have frequent syncope
Susceptible to recurrent infections
68
Q

Tumours of Adrenal Medulla (2)

A
  1. Neuroblastoma

2. Pheochromocytoma

69
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Tumours of neuroblasts (most commonly adrenal gland) in children
Malignant

70
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumour of adrenal medulla in adults
Mostly benign, malignant in 10%
Solitary tymours that secrete EN and NE
VMA found in urine - important for diagnosis

71
Q

Symptoms of pheochromocytoma (6)

A
  1. Malignant hypertension
  2. Sudden heart palpitations
  3. Sudden attacks of dizziness
  4. Blurred vision
  5. Excruciating headaches
  6. Increased catecholamines in urine

Pathology 3000 (14 decks)

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