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Toxicology > Respiratory Toxicity > Flashcards

Respiratory Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy of upper respiratory tract contains:

A

nose
pharynx
larynx

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2
Q

nose is lined by _____ which do what?

A

epithelial cells that help with removal of bacteria and particles

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3
Q

olfactory epithelium helps with what?

A

sense of smell

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4
Q

sinuses help with what?

A

humidification and temperature regulation

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5
Q

pharynx extends from what?

A

the base of the skull to the esophagus

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6
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A

it prevents microbe from entering the body

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7
Q

Larynx is located where?

A

lies anterior to the laryngeal part of the pharynx

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8
Q

what does the larynx contain?

A

vocal cords

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9
Q

what does the larynx do?

A

moves up and down to prevent choking

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10
Q

anatomy of lower respiratory tract contains:

A 
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar region
lungs + plurea
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11
Q

trachea is made up of

A

multiple layers of tissue

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12
Q

bronchi contains the muscociliary elevator which does what?

A

moves particles up into the pharynx

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13
Q

alveolar region is highly sensitive to toxicants because of?

A

the large surface area

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14
Q

how thick is the alveolar membrane?

A

0.4 microns

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15
Q

what is the alveolar sacs made up of?

A

type 1 and type 2 epithelial cells

type 2 is the precursor cell

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16
Q

what are the muscle of respiration?

A

intercostal muscles and the diaphragm

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17
Q

the pulmonary interstitial is made up of

A

collagenous and elastic connective tissue and fibroblast

also contains macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma and mast cells

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18
Q

what three types of receptors are present in lymphatic drainage?

A

stretch
irritant
c - fibers

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19
Q

examples of air borne toxicants

A

fumes, dusts, mists, fog, smoke, haze, smog

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20
Q

examples of blood borne toxicants

A

paraquats, monocrotaline, bleomycin, cyclophosamide

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21
Q

coarse fraction particulate size

A

10-2.5 microns

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22
Q

coarse fraction examples

A

red blood cells, cells in general

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23
Q

fine particles size

A

2.5 -.1 micron

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24
Q

examples of fine particles

A

bacteria

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25
Q

ultrafine particles size is

A

less than 0.1 microns

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26
Q

ultrafine particles examples

A

viruses, molecules

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27
Q

the smaller the size of a particle the

A

more damage it can do

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28
Q

impaction is

A

the collision of a moving particle with a static structure

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29
Q

what size particles are involved with impaction?

A

coarse fractions

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30
Q

where does impaction occur?

A

pharyngeal and tracheobronchial regions

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31
Q

sedimentation occurs by

A

gravitational settling of particles

32
Q

what size particles are involved with sedimentation

A

fine particles

33
Q

where does sedimentation occur?

A

bronchioles and alveolar regions

34
Q

diffusion is when particles reach airway surface by

A

random brownian movements

35
Q

what size particles are involved with diffusion?

A

ultrafine particles

36
Q

where does diffusion occur?

A

in terminal bronchioles and alveoli

37
Q

interception is the predominant mechanism by which

A

fires are deposited in the airways

38
Q

what toxicant enters via interception?

A

asbestos

39
Q

the longer the length of the fiber

A

the more damage it can do

40
Q

factors that determine the toxicity of gases and vapors

A

dose, solubitiliy, reactivity

41
Q

dose of gases and vapors - low

A

sneezing, rhinitis, sore throat

42
Q

dose of gases and vapors - moderate

A

persistent cough, bronchitis

43
Q

dose of gases and vapors - high

A

laryngeal edema, ARDS, death

44
Q

solubility - gases that have low solubility cause____ damage

A

more damage, because they travel further through the respiratory tract than gases with high solubility

45
Q

reactivity of gases and vapors

A

formation of unstable conformations, generation of ROS, irritation of sensory nerves, stimulation of sensory receptors, bronchoconstriction

46
Q

particle clearance defense mechanisms - 2 of them

A

mucociliary & macrophage

47
Q

mucociliary is the predominant mechanism in

A

conducting airways

48
Q

macrophage is the predominant clearance mechanism in

A

terminal respiratory

49
Q

biological responses - initial response is

A

inflammation

50
Q

acute irritant response all due to

A

inflammation

51
Q

acute irritant response: upper respiratory tract

A

acute symptoms are due to inflammation

nasal: obstruction, runny nose, bleeding
throat: dry cough
laryngeal: hoarseness

52
Q

acute irritant response: mid respiratory tract

A

bronchospasm

53
Q

acute irritant response: lower respiratory tract

A

edema

54
Q

chronic responses - three outcomes

A
  1. repair and restoration
  2. fibrosis
  3. emphysema
55
Q

fibrosis

A

overproduction of growth factors
increased fibroblasts and collagen
causes lungs to become smaller
RESTRICTIVE

56
Q

emphysema

A

imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases
elasticity of the lung is lost
OBSTRUCTIVE

57
Q

spirometere

A

measures the amount and rate of air a person breaths in order to diagnose illness or determine progress

58
Q

pulmonary diseases - asthma

A

IgE mediated immune response

59
Q

asthma could be due to

A

household allergens and occupational allergens

60
Q

how does asthma come about? 3 phases

A

sensitization phase - the primary exposure
activation phase - subsequent exposure
effector phase - causes bronchospasm/mucus secretion

61
Q

pulmonary diseases - pneumoconiosis

A

an obstructive disease

62
Q

pneumoconiosis casue

A

respirable dust

63
Q

two type of pneumoconiosis - 1. nodular

A

silicosis, from mining/blasting

64
Q

pathogenesis of nodular pneumoconiosis

A

related to intensity of exposure, macrophage activation, fibrogenic factor

65
Q

pathology of nodular pneumoconiosis

A

greater in upper lobes, firm nodules 2-6mm diameter

66
Q

symptoms of nodular pneumoconiosis

A

0-15 years have cough, infection, fibrosis, if removed from exposure things get better

67
Q

two type of pneumoconiosis - 2. diffuse

A

caused asbestosis, often found in building materials 3 types: chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite

68
Q

clinical features of diffuse pneumoconiosis

A

cough + shortness of breath

69
Q

causative agents of diffuse pneumoconiosis

A

microbes, animal proteins, plants, chemicals, metals

70
Q

phases of diffuse pneumoconiosis: acute phase

A

antigen binds IgG and activates macrophages which secrete chemokine to attract lymphocytes and monocytes

71
Q

phases of diffuse pneumoconiosis: subacute phase

A

develop granulomas throughout the lung

72
Q

phases of diffuse pneumoconiosis: chronic phase

A

inflammatory cells produce growth factors fibroblasts resulting in interstitial fibrosis

73
Q

pulmonary diseases - COPD comes from…

A

cigarette smoke

74
Q

causes of COPD

A

ciliatasis, inflammation, mucous hyper secretion, smooth muscle ell hypertrophy, fibrosis or emphysema

75
Q

lunge cancer: major toxicants that cause it

A 
cigarette smoke - 90%
arsenic
asbestos
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
chromium
nickel
76
Q

major types of lung cancer:

A

squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small/large cell carcinoma
mesothelioma

Toxicology (20 decks)

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