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Respiratory Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy of upper respiratory tract contains:

A

nose
pharynx
larynx

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2
Q

nose is lined by _____ which do what?

A

epithelial cells that help with removal of bacteria and particles

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3
Q

olfactory epithelium helps with what?

A

sense of smell

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4
Q

sinuses help with what?

A

humidification and temperature regulation

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5
Q

pharynx extends from what?

A

the base of the skull to the esophagus

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6
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A

it prevents microbe from entering the body

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7
Q

Larynx is located where?

A

lies anterior to the laryngeal part of the pharynx

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8
Q

what does the larynx contain?

A

vocal cords

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9
Q

what does the larynx do?

A

moves up and down to prevent choking

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10
Q

anatomy of lower respiratory tract contains:

A 
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar region
lungs + plurea
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11
Q

trachea is made up of

A

multiple layers of tissue

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12
Q

bronchi contains the muscociliary elevator which does what?

A

moves particles up into the pharynx

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13
Q

alveolar region is highly sensitive to toxicants because of?

A

the large surface area

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14
Q

how thick is the alveolar membrane?

A

0.4 microns

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15
Q

what is the alveolar sacs made up of?

A

type 1 and type 2 epithelial cells

type 2 is the precursor cell

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16
Q

what are the muscle of respiration?

A

intercostal muscles and the diaphragm

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17
Q

the pulmonary interstitial is made up of

A

collagenous and elastic connective tissue and fibroblast

also contains macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma and mast cells

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18
Q

what three types of receptors are present in lymphatic drainage?

A

stretch
irritant
c - fibers

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19
Q

examples of air borne toxicants

A

fumes, dusts, mists, fog, smoke, haze, smog

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20
Q

examples of blood borne toxicants

A

paraquats, monocrotaline, bleomycin, cyclophosamide

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21
Q

coarse fraction particulate size

A

10-2.5 microns

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22
Q

coarse fraction examples

A

red blood cells, cells in general

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23
Q

fine particles size

A

2.5 -.1 micron

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24
Q

examples of fine particles

A

bacteria

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25
ultrafine particles size is
less than 0.1 microns
26
ultrafine particles examples
viruses, molecules
27
the smaller the size of a particle the
more damage it can do
28
impaction is
the collision of a moving particle with a static structure
29
what size particles are involved with impaction?
coarse fractions
30
where does impaction occur?
pharyngeal and tracheobronchial regions
31
sedimentation occurs by
gravitational settling of particles
32
what size particles are involved with sedimentation
fine particles
33
where does sedimentation occur?
bronchioles and alveolar regions
34
diffusion is when particles reach airway surface by
random brownian movements
35
what size particles are involved with diffusion?
ultrafine particles
36
where does diffusion occur?
in terminal bronchioles and alveoli
37
interception is the predominant mechanism by which
fires are deposited in the airways
38
what toxicant enters via interception?
asbestos
39
the longer the length of the fiber
the more damage it can do
40
factors that determine the toxicity of gases and vapors
dose, solubitiliy, reactivity
41
dose of gases and vapors - low
sneezing, rhinitis, sore throat
42
dose of gases and vapors - moderate
persistent cough, bronchitis
43
dose of gases and vapors - high
laryngeal edema, ARDS, death
44
solubility - gases that have low solubility cause____ damage
more damage, because they travel further through the respiratory tract than gases with high solubility
45
reactivity of gases and vapors
formation of unstable conformations, generation of ROS, irritation of sensory nerves, stimulation of sensory receptors, bronchoconstriction
46
particle clearance defense mechanisms - 2 of them
mucociliary & macrophage
47
mucociliary is the predominant mechanism in
conducting airways
48
macrophage is the predominant clearance mechanism in
terminal respiratory
49
biological responses - initial response is
inflammation
50
acute irritant response all due to
inflammation
51
acute irritant response: upper respiratory tract
acute symptoms are due to inflammation nasal: obstruction, runny nose, bleeding throat: dry cough laryngeal: hoarseness
52
acute irritant response: mid respiratory tract
bronchospasm
53
acute irritant response: lower respiratory tract
edema
54
chronic responses - three outcomes
1. repair and restoration 2. fibrosis 3. emphysema
55
fibrosis
overproduction of growth factors increased fibroblasts and collagen causes lungs to become smaller RESTRICTIVE
56
emphysema
imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases elasticity of the lung is lost OBSTRUCTIVE
57
spirometere
measures the amount and rate of air a person breaths in order to diagnose illness or determine progress
58
pulmonary diseases - asthma
IgE mediated immune response
59
asthma could be due to
household allergens and occupational allergens
60
how does asthma come about? 3 phases
sensitization phase - the primary exposure activation phase - subsequent exposure effector phase - causes bronchospasm/mucus secretion
61
pulmonary diseases - pneumoconiosis
an obstructive disease
62
pneumoconiosis casue
respirable dust
63
two type of pneumoconiosis - 1. nodular
silicosis, from mining/blasting
64
pathogenesis of nodular pneumoconiosis
related to intensity of exposure, macrophage activation, fibrogenic factor
65
pathology of nodular pneumoconiosis
greater in upper lobes, firm nodules 2-6mm diameter
66
symptoms of nodular pneumoconiosis
0-15 years have cough, infection, fibrosis, if removed from exposure things get better
67
two type of pneumoconiosis - 2. diffuse
caused asbestosis, often found in building materials 3 types: chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite
68
clinical features of diffuse pneumoconiosis
cough + shortness of breath
69
causative agents of diffuse pneumoconiosis
microbes, animal proteins, plants, chemicals, metals
70
phases of diffuse pneumoconiosis: acute phase
antigen binds IgG and activates macrophages which secrete chemokine to attract lymphocytes and monocytes
71
phases of diffuse pneumoconiosis: subacute phase
develop granulomas throughout the lung
72
phases of diffuse pneumoconiosis: chronic phase
inflammatory cells produce growth factors fibroblasts resulting in interstitial fibrosis
73
pulmonary diseases - COPD comes from...
cigarette smoke
74
causes of COPD
ciliatasis, inflammation, mucous hyper secretion, smooth muscle ell hypertrophy, fibrosis or emphysema
75
lunge cancer: major toxicants that cause it
``` cigarette smoke - 90% arsenic asbestos polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons chromium nickel ```
76
major types of lung cancer:
squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma small/large cell carcinoma mesothelioma

Toxicology (20 decks)

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