Developmental Toxicity

Question 1

Development is characterized by 5 things

Answer 1

1. size
2. biochemistry
3. physiology
4. form
5. functionality

Question 2

developmental toxicology is the study of 5 things

Answer 2

1. developmental exposure
2. pharmacokinetics - how exposure affects via metabolism
3. mechanisms
4. pathogenesis - how the disease affects tissue
5. outcomes related to adult effects

Question 3

teratology is the study of

Answer 3

congenital abnormalities and abnormal formations

Question 4

Wilson’s Principles of Teratology: 1. Susceptibility to teratogenesis depends on the genotype of the conceptus and a manner in which this interacts with adverse environmental factor

Answer 4

genetics interact with the fetal environment

Question 5

Wilson’s Principles of Teratology: 2. Susceptibility to teratogensis varies with the developmental stage at the time of exposure to an adverse influence

Answer 5

time of exposure is very important in determine type and incidence of malformation

Question 6

Wilson’s Principles of Teratology: 3. Teratogenic agents act in specific ways (mechanism) on developing cells and tissues to initiate sequences of abnormal developmental events (pathogenesis)

Answer 6

specific teratogenic agents produce distinctive malformation patterns

Question 7

Wilson’s Principles of Teratology: 4. The access of adverse influences to developing tissues depends on the nature of the influence

Answer 7

the developmental toxicant must access the target

Question 8

Wilson’s Principles of Teratology: 5. Four manifestations of deviant development are death, malformation, growth retardation and functional deficit

Answer 8

manifestations of developmental toxicity include death, malformation, growth retardation and functional deficit
a single toxicant may cause several effects by different mechanisms

Question 9

Wilson’s Principles of Teratology: 6. Manifestations of deviant development increase in frequency and degree as dosage increases, from no-effect to the totally lethal level

Answer 9

there is a threshold below which there is no fetal damage

dose-response differed from other forms of toxicity

Question 10

mechanism: cellular - level events that initiate the process leading to

Answer 10

abnormal development

mutations, chromosomal breaks, altered mitosis, altered uncle acids, decreased energy supplies

Question 11

pathogenesis: compress the cell, tissue or organ level that ultimately manifest in

Answer 11

abnormality

Question 12

thalidomide was used for

Answer 12

sleep aid and morning sickness

Question 13

Malformations from Thalidomide

Answer 13

severe limb defects

absence of ears, deafness,

Question 14

who wouldn’t approve thalidomide through the FDA?

Answer 14

Dr. France Kelsey

Question 15

maternal factors affecting development (6 of them)

Answer 15

1 genetics
2 diseases
3 nutrition
4 stress
5 placental toxicity
6 maternal toxicity

Question 16

Diethylstilbestrol, why was it used?

Answer 16

synthetic non steroidal estrogen to prevent miscarriage

Question 17

theory of critical window

Answer 17

exposure outside the critical window will not affect structure

Question 18

some of the windows of susceptibility: fertilization

Answer 18

some of the windows of susceptibility:

Question 19

some of the windows of susceptibility: bastocyst

Answer 19

death

Question 20

some of the windows of susceptibility: gastrulation

Answer 20

malformation of the eye, brain and face, malformation of neural plate

Question 21

some of the windows of susceptibility: morphogenesis

Answer 21

acquisition of position and shape

Question 22

some of the windows of susceptibility: organogensis

Answer 22

creation of organs and structures

Question 23

some of the windows of susceptibility: fetal period / body growth

Answer 23

• Miniature structures
• Further differentiate organs and tissues
• Neuronal differentiation

Question 24

some of the windows of susceptibility: juvenile development

Answer 24

Infertility, breast cancer

• Changes in secondary sex characteristics and sex hormones

Question 25

some of the windows of susceptibility: nervous system development

Answer 25

• Spans gastrulation THROUGH late adolescence

* Disruption is usually undetected until adolescence

Question 26

epidemiological events

Answer 26

dutch famine

dioxin exposure

Question 27

baker hypothesis says that if a fetus is faced with limited nutritional resources it will

Answer 27

adopt metabolic chances to enhance postnatal success in anticipated every
results in long-term permeant changes

Question 28

predictive adaptive response

Answer 28

model, developmental trajectory taken by an organism during a period of developmental plasticity in response to perceived environmental cues

Question 29

ethanol

Answer 29

FAS
craniofacial dysmorphism
growth retardation
heart murmur

Question 30

tobacco smoke

Answer 30

leading cause of environmental induced development disease and morbidity
spontaneous abortion
perinatal deaths
SIDS
low brith weight
risk of obesity
hypertension

Question 31

cocaine

Answer 31

premature labor and delivery
altered prosencphalic development
decreased birthweight
poor feedings
irritability
SIDS
seizures

Question 32

Retinoid

Answer 32

excess vit a

malformation of face, limbs, heart, CNS and skeleton

Question 33

Valproic Acid

Answer 33

anti epileptic drugs

causes spina bifida

Question 34

3 parts of modern safely assessment

Answer 34

1. lab animal testing
2. surveillance of human population
3. alert clinical awareness

Question 35

reproductive epidemiology is the study of associates between

Answer 35

specific exposures of the father or pregnant mother and the fetus and outcome of the pregnancy

Question 36

Paternal Factors can effect

Answer 36

birth defects, spontaneous abortions, childhood cancers, onset diseases

Question 37

what are things that the father can do that will affect fetus

Answer 37

drugs, radiation, enivormental chemicals, diet

Question 38

can test what of the fathers?

Answer 38

sperm quality and characteristics

sperm quality