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LSS 1 > Respiratory Systems 8 - Acid-base Regulation > Flashcards

Respiratory Systems 8 - Acid-base Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

List the blood gas composition in the systemic arteries

A

PaO2 >10kPa
SaO2 >95%
PaCO2 4.7-6.4kPa

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2
Q

List the blood gas composition in the systemic veins

A

PaO2 5.3kPa
SaO2 ~75%
PaCO2 6.1kPa

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3
Q

Define alkalaemia

A

Higher than normal pH of the blood

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4
Q

Define acidaemia

A

Lower than normal pH of the blood

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5
Q

Define alkalosis

A

Circumstances that will decrease [H+] and increase pH

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6
Q

Define acidosis

A

Circumstances that will increase [H+] and decrease pH

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7
Q

Explain the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration

A

As [H+] increases, pH decreases

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8
Q

Where does acid come from?

A

Mainly respiratory, some metabolic acid (eg. lactic acid)

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9
Q

What is the Sorensen-equation?

A

Used to calculate pH from proton concentration

pH=-log(10)[H%+]

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10
Q

What is the Henderson equation?

A

Used to calculate the dissociation constant

𝐾=([H+][𝐻𝐢𝑂3βˆ’])/([𝐢𝑂2][H2O])

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11
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasslebalch equation?

A

𝑝𝐻=𝑝𝐾+π‘™π‘œπ‘”(10 ) ([𝐻𝐢𝑂3βˆ’])/([𝐢𝑂2])

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12
Q

Describe the compensatory mechanisms for when acidosis or alkalosis occur.

A
  • Changes in ventilation stimulates a rapid compensatory response
  • Changes in H+ retention/secretion at the kidneys stimulates a slow compensatory response
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13
Q

Describe the stages in interpretation procedure when acidosis or alkalosis oxxur

A
  • Type of imbalance
  • Aetiology
  • Compensaton?
  • Oxygenation?
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14
Q

What is the optimum pH?

A

7.4

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15
Q

Describe how uncompensated respiratory acidosis affects pH

A
  • CO2 increases in alveoli, so less CO2 moves out the blood and therefore pH decreases
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16
Q

How is acidosis corrected in the acute phase?

A
  • CO2 combines with water to form bicarbonate which moves out of the erythrocyte by AE1 transporter.
  • This pushes the bicarbonate ion concentration up in the plasma, so the bicarbonate will react with H+ to make hydrogen bicarbonate
17
Q

How is acidosis corrected in the chronic phase?

A

Increasing bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys to return the pH to normal

18
Q

What is seen in the blood composition following partially compensated respiratory acidosis?

A
  • pH will still be slightly low
  • PCO2 will be high
    Base excess will be high as there is more bicarbonate than expected from CO2
19
Q

What is seen in the blood composition of a patient with fully compensated respiratory acidosis?

A
  • pH is normal
  • PCO2 is high
  • Base excess is high
20
Q

What would happen to blood compensation in uncompensated respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • PCO2 down
  • High pH
  • Normal base excess
21
Q

How is uncompensated respiratory alkalosis compensated?

A
  • No acute phase
  • Reduced bicarbonate reabsorbed and increased excretion
  • Increased dissociation of bicarbonic acid
22
Q

What is the blood composition in partially compensated respiratory alkalosis?

A

High pH
Low pCO2
Low base excess

23
Q

What is the blood composition in fully compensated respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • Normal pH
  • Low CO2
  • Low base excess
24
Q

What is the blood composition in uncompensated metabolic acidosis?

A
  • Low pH
  • Normal CO2
  • Low base excess
25
Q

What is the blood composition in partially compensated metabolic acidosis?

A
  • Low pH
  • Low CO2
  • Low base excess
26
Q

What is the blood composition in fully compensated metabolic acidosis?

A
  • Normal pH
  • Low CO2
  • Low base excess
27
Q

What is the blood composition in uncompensated metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • High pH
  • Normal CO2
  • High base excess
28
Q

What is the blood composition in partially compensated metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • High pH
  • High PCO2
  • High base excess
29
Q

What is the blood composition in fully compensated metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • Normal pH
  • High PCO2
  • High base excess
30
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Diarrhoea (losing HCO3- and gaining H+)

31
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

Vomiting (losing H+ and gaining HCO3-)

32
Q

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

A
  • A low level of oxygen in the blood, with a normal or low level of CO2
  • Caused by failure of oxygenation
33
Q

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

A
  • Caused by inadequate alveolar ventilation
  • Both oxygen and CO2 are affected
  • Low oxygen and high CO2

LSS 1 (35 decks)

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