Anatomy of the Thorax

Question 1

Define flexon and extenson

Answer 1

Flexon means contract, extension means relax

Question 2

Define abduction and adduction

Answer 2

Abduction means away from midline, adduction means towards midline

Question 3

Define lateral flexion

Answer 3

Bending movement in the lateral direction

Question 4

Define protraction and retraction

Answer 4

• Protraction is anterior

- Retraction posterior

Question 5

Define dorsiflexum.

Answer 5

Towards the dorsum of feet

Question 6

Define Plantar flexum

Answer 6

Towards plantar surface of the foor

Question 7

Define radial/ulnar

Answer 7

Movement of the wrist

Question 8

Define pronation

Answer 8

Palm inferior

Question 9

Define supination

Answer 9

Palm superior

Question 10

Describe the structure of intervertebral discs

Answer 10

Anulus fibrosis made of collagen outside, nucleus pulposis on the inside - made of gelatinous material to absorb compression

Question 11

What joint is formed by articular processes?

Answer 11

Zygapophysal joints

Question 12

What joint is made between the first costal cartilage and the manubrium?

Answer 12

Fibrocarilagenous joint

Question 13

What kind of joint is made between the sternum and ribs 2-7?

Answer 13

Synovial

Question 14

What kind of joint is made between the costal cartilage of the false ribs?

Answer 14

Interchondrial joints

Question 15

What is the relative position of the great veins and great arteries?

Answer 15

Great veins are anterior to great arteries

Question 16

Where is the position of the apex of the lung?

Answer 16

3cm above the clavicle

Question 17

What is the order of the neurovascular bundles running alongside the ribs, and where is its location?

Answer 17

• Located inbetween the internal and innermost intercostal muscles
• VAN - Vein, artery nerve (vein most superior)

Question 18

How many intercostal nerves are there?

Answer 18

11

Question 19

How many subcostal nerves are there?

Answer 19

1

Question 20

How can CT, MRI T1, and MRI T2 be identified?

Answer 20

• CT bones are white, MRI bones are dark
• T1 MRI fluid is dark
• T2 MRI fluid is light

Question 21

Define bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 21

A self contained independent unit of the lung

Question 22

What is the name of the connection between the right and left atrium in a foetus and an adult?

Answer 22

Foetus - Foramen Ovale

Adult - Fossa Ovalis

Question 23

What is the name of the connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta in the foetus and adult?

Answer 23

Foetus - Ductus Arteriosis

Adult - Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 24

At what spinal level does the trachea start?

Answer 24

C6

Question 25

At what spinal level does the oesophagus start?

Answer 25

C7

Question 26

At which spinal levels is the diaphragm passed through?

Answer 26

T8 IVC
T10 oesophagus
T12 Descending aorta

Question 27

What is the origin of the pectoralis major muscle?

Answer 27

Medial half of the clavicle, sternum, 7 superior costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique

Question 28

What is the insertion of the pectoralis major?

Answer 28

Intertubercular groove of humerus

Question 29

What is the innervation of the pectoralis major?

Answer 29

Lateral (C5-C7) and mefial pectoral nerves (C8-T1)

Question 30

What are the main actions of the pectoralis major?

Answer 30

Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder, extension of flexed arm

Question 31

What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

Answer 31

3rd to 5th ribs

Question 32

What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

Answer 32

Coracoid process of scapula

Question 33

What is the innervation of the pectoralis minor?

Answer 33

Medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1)

Question 34

What are the main actions of the pectoralis minor?

Answer 34

Depresses scapula and stabilizes it