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LSS 1 > Respiratory Systems 12 - Lung immunology > Flashcards

Respiratory Systems 12 - Lung immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

An exaggerated response - can be immunological (allergy) or non immunological (eg. lactose intolerance or inability to take certain medications)

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2
Q

Define allergy

A
  • An exaggerated immunological response to a foreign substance which is inhaled, swallowed, injected, or comes in contact with the skin or eye
  • Allergy is a mechanism
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3
Q

When are T helper type 1 cells used?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
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4
Q

When are T helper type 2 cells used?

A
  • Helminths (worms)

- Ectoparasites (ticks)

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5
Q

Which cells and antibodies are Th1?

A
  • Th17 cells
  • NK cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • IgM, IgA, IgG
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6
Q

Which cells and antibodies are Th2?

A
  • IgE and IgG1
  • Epithelial barriers
  • Lymphoid cells
  • Eoisinophils, mast cells, basophils, activated macrophages
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7
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of seasonal allergic rhinitis

A
  • Involves eosinophils and Th2 cells

- Involves IgE, produced by plasma cells

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8
Q

Define atopy

A

The hereditary predisposition to produce IgE antibodies against common environmental allergens

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9
Q

Give examples of atopic diseases

A
  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Atopic eczema
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10
Q

How are allergic tissue reactions in atopic subjects characterised?

A

Infiltration of Th2 cells and eosinophils

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11
Q

Define the allergic march

A

The common progression of atopic diseases from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma

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12
Q

What proportion of the population are affected by rhino-conjunctivitis?

A
  • Up to 25% (12-15% children and 11-17% adults)

- The UK prevalence is the highest in europe

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13
Q

List the common causes of perennial allergic rhinitis and asthma

A
  • House dust mite
  • Cats
  • Dogs
  • Alternaria
  • Horses
  • Cockroach
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14
Q

List the phenotypes of asthma based on control/severity

A
  • Intermittent, mild with allergy frequently important
  • Persistant, manageable, allergy often important
  • Chronic severe, uncontrolled by treatment
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15
Q

List the phenotypes of asthma based on endotype (defined by pathophysiological mechanisms)

A
  • Allergic, atopic or eosinopilic asthma
  • Neutrophilic asthma
  • Exercise induced asthma
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16
Q

What percentage of the population are affected by extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

0.1%

17
Q

Describe the mechanism of extrinsic allergic alveoloitis

A
  • Small allergic particles penetrate to the distal airways and the alveoli
  • Antibody/antigen complexes form outside of the alveoli, in the surrounding tissue fluid, activating complement system, neutrophils, and macrophages
18
Q

List some examples of extrinsic allergic alveolitis

A
  • Farmers lung (hay)
  • Bird fanciers lung
  • Air conditioner lung
  • Mushroom workers lung
  • Malt workers lung
  • Coffee workers lung
  • Millers lung (flour)
  • Hot tub lung (bacterial contaminations)
19
Q

List the principles of treatment of allergic diseases

A
  • Allergen avoidance
  • Anti-allergic medication
  • Immunotherapy (desensitisation)
20
Q

List the effects of seasonal allergic rhinitis

A
  • Work productivity reduces
  • School performance reduces
  • Sleep deprivation
21
Q

Which country has the highest prevalence of allergic rhinitis, and which has the lowest in europe?

A
  • Italy has the lowest

- Belgium has the highest

22
Q

What percentage of the global population are affected by allergic rhinitis?

A

40%

23
Q

List the treatments available for allergic rhinitis

A
  • Antihistamine
  • Allergen avoidance
  • Nasal steriod
  • Immunotherapy (subcutaneous injections or tablets)
24
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of allergen injection immunotherapy.

A

Advantages
- Effective, long lasting immunity

Disadantages

  • Severe allergic reaction
  • Time consuming
  • Standardisation problems
25
Q

How does immunotherapy work in allergy?

A
  • Production of induced and natural T regulatory cells
  • B regulatory cell production (suppresses T cell differentiation and increases Treg cell proliferation)
  • IgG produced rather than IgE
26
Q

Define intolerance

A

The inability to eat a food or take a drug without adverse effects

LSS 1 (35 decks)

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