Respiratory System Thorax 1

Question 1

What is the super thoracic arpeture?

Answer 1

It describes the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity

Question 2

What is the superior thoracic arpeture referred to as:

• Anatomically?
• Clinically?

Answer 2

Clinically - Thoracic Outlet

Anatomically - Thoracic inlet

Question 3

What is the superior thoracic arpeture bounded by?

Answer 3

The first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly,

The first pair of ribs laterally,

The costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly.

Question 4

What does the head of the first rib articulate with?

Answer 4

The body of the first thoracic vertebra

Question 5

What separates the two shallow grooves on the upper surface of the body of the first rib?

Answer 5

The scalene tubercule, (for attatchment of the anterior scalene muscle)

Question 6

What does the anterior groove of the first rib lodge?

Answer 6

It lodges the subclavien vein

Question 7

What does the posterior groove of the first rib lodge?

Answer 7

It lodges the subclavien artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus

Question 8

Which two vertebral bodies does the head of a rib articulate with?

Answer 8

The body of the same number as well as the body of the vertebra above

Question 9

What is the name given to the joint between the vertebral body and the head of a rib?

Answer 9

Costovertebral joints

Question 10

What comprises the costotransverse joint?

Answer 10

The tubercule of the rib and the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number

Question 11

Name the ligaments shown

Answer 11

Question 12

What is the inferior thoracic arperture bounded by?

Answer 12

The 12th thoracic vertebra (posteriorly)

The 11th and 12th ribs (laterally)

Costal cartilages of ribs 7 through 10 and the xiphisternal joint anteriorly

Question 13

What does the thoraco abdominal diaphragm separate?

Answer 13

The inferior thoracic arpeture and the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity.

Question 14

WHat does the left side of the chest wall drain into?

Answer 14

The thoracic duct

Question 15

What does the right side of the chest wall drain into?

Answer 15

The right lymphatic duct

Question 16

What are the three attachments of the diaphragm?

Answer 16

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments

Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12

Xiphoid process of the sternum

Question 17

What is the central attachment of the diaphragm?

Answer 17

The central tendon

Question 18

What are the left and right crura?

Answer 18

Parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebra and are tendinous in structure

Question 19

Where does the right crus arise from?

Answer 19

L1-L3

Question 20

Why do some of the fibres from the right crus surround the oesophageal opening?

Answer 20

Helps prevent reflux of gastric contents back into the oesophagus

Question 21

Where does the left crus arise from?

Answer 21

L1 - L2 and thier intervertebral discs

Question 22

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

Answer 22

The diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity

Question 23

Where are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

Answer 23

Anterior rami of C3, C4 (mainly), and C5

Question 24

What are the motor functions of the phrenic nerve?

Answer 24

Pierces and innervtes the diaphragm from its inferior surface

Question 25

What are the sensory funcitons of the phrenic nerve?

Answer 25

Supplies the central part of the diaphragm.

Question 26

What are the peripheral portions of the diaphragm innervated by?

Answer 26

The sensory fibres from intercostal nerves T7 - T12

Question 27

What level is the caval opening?

Answer 27

T8

Question 28

What does the caval opening pass through and what does it transmit?

Answer 28

Opening passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. It transmits the inferior vena cava & the right phrenic nerve.

Question 29

What level can you find the oesophageal hiatus?

Answer 29

T10

Question 30

What does the oesophageal hiatus pass through and what does it transmit?

Answer 30

Through the muscular sling of the right crus. It transmits the oesophagus and both vagus nerves.

Question 31

Where can you find the aortic hiatus?

Answer 31

T12 - between the left and right crus

Question 32

What does the aortic hiatus transmit?

Answer 32

Aorta, azygous vein, hemizygous vein and the thoracic duct

Question 33

What does the upper respiratory tract refer to?

Answer 33

The parts of the respiratory system lying above the sternal angle or above the cricoid cartilage

Question 34

What is sometimes included in the lower and upper airway?

Answer 34

The larynx

Question 35

What does the lower resiratory tract consist of?

Answer 35

the trachea, bronchi (primary secondary and tertiary), bronchioles (including terminal and respiratory), and lungs (including alveoli)

Question 36

What does the term respiratory/ tracheobronchial tree used to refer to?

Answer 36

The branching structure of airways supplying air to the lungs

Question 37

What does the tracheobronchial tree include?

Answer 37

The trachea, bronchi and the bronchioles

Question 38

What is the difference between the conducting portion and the respiratory portion?

Answer 38

No gas exchange vs gas exchange

Question 39

What does the conducting portion contain?

Answer 39

Trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, conducting bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

Question 40

What does the respiratory portion contain?

Answer 40

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac and the alveolus

Question 41

What are lobar bronchi?

Answer 41

The secondary division of the bronchi that supply the different lobes of the lungs

Question 42

What is a segmental bronchus?

Answer 42

Another word for tertiray bronchi, when the lobar bronchi further divides

Question 43

What is the terminal bronchiole?

Answer 43

The last portion of a bronchiole that does not contain alveoli, i.e., one whose sole function is gas conduction; it subdivides into respiratory bronchioles.

Question 44

Where is the larynx found?

Answer 44

The anterior neck between C3-C6

Question 45

Where does the larynx extend to and from?

Answer 45

From the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the circoid cartilage

Question 46

Label the following colours

Answer 46

Question 47

What innervates the larynx?

Answer 47

Branches of the vagus nerve

Question 48

What is the level of the hyoid bone?

Answer 48

C2/C3

Question 49

What level is the thyrohyoid membrane?

Answer 49

C4

Question 50

What level is the laryngeal prominence? (Adam's apple)

Answer 50

C5

Question 51

What level is the cricoid cartilage and the start of the trachea

Answer 51

C6

Question 52

What are the borders of the lungs?

Answer 52

Anterior Posterior Inferior

Question 53

What are the lobes of the lungs?

Answer 53

Superior Inferior Middle (right lung only) Lingula (left lung only)

Question 54

What are the surfaces of the lungs?

Answer 54

Costal Mediastinal Diaphragmatic

Question 55

Where can you find the lung hilum?

Answer 55

On the mediastinal surface of the lung

Question 56

What is the lung root?

Answer 56

The group of structures that enters or leaves the lung hilum

Question 57

What does the lung root contain?

Answer 57

Bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves

Question 58

Label the diagram

Answer 58

Question 59

What is the name given to the additional bronchus hilum?

Answer 59

Epiarterial bronchus

Question 60

What is the name given to the right main bronchus?

Answer 60

The hyparterial bronchus

Question 61

Label the: * A. Visceral pleura * B. Parietal pleura

Answer 61

Question 62

What supplies the parietal pleura?

Answer 62

Somatic nerves (intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve)

Question 63

What supplies the visceral pleura?

Answer 63

Autonomic nerves (T2 - T5)

Question 64

Which visceral pleura is pain sensitive?

Answer 64

Parietal pleura

Question 65

What is a pleural reflection?

Answer 65

Where the pleura changes its direction of travel

Question 66

What is a pleural recess?

Answer 66

The increased space between the layers of recess occuring at the pleural reflections

Question 67

Label the following structures

Answer 67

Question 68

Fill in the blanks

Answer 68

Question 69

What does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow?

Answer 69

The line of the 4th rib anteriorly

Question 70

Where do you find the oblique fissure?

Answer 70

Begins at the spine of T3 and follows the line of the 6th rib anteriorly

Question 71

Look at this histology picture

Answer 71

Question 72

How does the epithelium change from trachea to alveoli?

Answer 72

Columnar - cuboidal - squamous

Question 73

How does the cartilage change as the tubes get smaller and smaller in the lung?

Answer 73

Cartilage reduces from rings - small plates - complete absence in the bronchioles

Question 74

How does the abundance of the mucous secreting glands and goblet cells change as the tubes become smaller and smaller?

Answer 74

Decreases - complete absence in bronchioles