Cardiovascular System Thorax 2 (WHITE BOOKLET)

Question 1

Which chamber of the heart forms the inferior border?

Answer 1

Right ventricle

Question 2

Which chamger forms the superior border of the heart?

Answer 2

Left Atrium

Question 3

Where does the aortic arch begin and terminate?

Answer 3

T4

Question 4

Where is the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 4

L4

Question 5

Where is the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries?

Answer 5

L5

Question 6

Give examples of the branches of the ascending aorta in the thorax

Answer 6

Bronchial arteries

Oesophageal arteris

Pericardial arteries

Posterior intercostal arteries (these are the only identifiable ones on a wet specimen in this list)

Question 7

What supplies the pelvic viscera?

Answer 7

The internal iliac artery. External iliac artery becomes the common femoral

Question 8

What is the name given to the branch of a vein?

Answer 8

A tributary

Question 9

What does the SVC and the IVC drain respectively?

Answer 9

SVC: Head neck and upper limbs

IVC: Abdominal and pelvic cavities and lower limbs

Question 10

Name some of the tributaries of the SVC

Answer 10

Left and right brachiocephalic veins

Azygous vein

Question 11

Name some of the tributaries of the IVC

Answer 11

Left and right common iliac veins

Question 12

What does the azygous venous system drain?

Answer 12

Blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the SVC

Question 13

Where does the azygous vein lie?

Answer 13

Immediately to the right of the descending thoracic aorta

Question 14

What component of the azygous venous system lies on the left hand side of the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 14

Accessory hemi azygous vein and the hemiazygous vein

Question 15

Where does the hemiazygous vein drain into the azygous vein?

Answer 15

T8/T9

Question 16

What veins drain into the hemiazygous vein?

Answer 16

Lower posterior intercostal veins and the left subcostal veins

Question 17

What part of the spinal nerve are intercostal nerves formed from?

Answer 17

Ventral ramus

Question 18

Which anterior chest wall veins drain into the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 18

Anterior intercostal veins

Question 19

Which anterior chest wall arteries arise from the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 19

Anterior intercostal arteries

Question 20

Which artery gives origin to the internal thoracic aartery?

Answer 20

Inferior region othe the subclavian artery

Question 21

Which two veins drain the posterior intercostal veins on the left side of the posterior chest wall?

Answer 21

Hemiazygous vein and the accessory hemiazygous vein

Question 22

Where do the hemiazygous vein and the accessory hemiazygous vein drain?

Answer 22

Into the azygous vein

Question 23

Where is the thoracic duct in relation to the descending aorta and the azygous vein?

Answer 23

On the vertebral bodies between the azygous vein and the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall.

Question 24

Where does the right lymphatic drain?

Answer 24

Medial end of the right subclavian vein

Question 25

What is the name given to the mist inferior part of the thoracic duct?

Answer 25

Cisterna Chyli

Question 26

What is the difference between the radial and ulnar arteries?

Answer 26

Radial = more superficial and larger diameter

Question 27

What is the name describing accompanying veins?

Answer 27

venae comitantes

Question 28

Inferior to which malleolus does the posterior tibial artery enter the sole of the foot?

Answer 28

Medial Malleolus

Question 29

What is the epicardium, myocardium and the andocardium composed of?

Answer 29

Epicardium: Squamous epithelium Myocardium: Cardiac muscle Endocardium: Squamous epithelium

Question 30

Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseperably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 30

Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

Question 31

What protective role is fullfilled by the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 31

Protects the heart from sudden overfilling and bllooning

Question 32

Where does the visceral pericardium receive autonomic innervation from?

Answer 32

T1-T4 nerves and vagus via the cardiac plexus

Question 33

What innervates the parietal and fibrous layers?

Answer 33

Mainly by the phrenic nerve

Question 34

What is the role of the auricle in an adult?

Answer 34

Increases the capacity of the atrium

Question 35

Anterior to what tubular structure does the laft atrium lie?

Answer 35

Oesophagus

Question 36

What is the function of chordae tendineae?

Answer 36

Attaches papillary muscles to the cusps of the AV valve

Question 37

Where does the right coronary artery distribute its blood?

Answer 37

Right atrium, right ventricle, AV node and bundle, SA node (in a minority of cases)

Question 38

Where does the left coronary artery distribute its blood?

Answer 38

Both ventricles and the interventricular septum Left atrium SA node

Question 39

What drains directly into the right atrium?

Answer 39

The anterior cardiac and coronary sinus veins drain directly into the right atrium

Question 40

What are venae cordis minimae?

Answer 40

Small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart

Question 41

Where do the lymphatics from the heart drain?

Answer 41

Tracheobronchial and mediastinal (bronchopulmonary and paratracheal) lymph nodes

Question 42

Where is the cardiac plexus?

Answer 42

Situated at the bifurcation of the trachea

Question 43

Where do the sensory and pain fibres from the heart travel?

Answer 43

To spinal cord levels T1-4 in the sympathetic nerves

Question 44

What do motor fibres innervate in the heart?

Answer 44

The purkinjie cells of the SA and AV node

Question 45

Where does the heart recieve its parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation?

Answer 45

From the cardiopulmonary plexus, which receives autonomic motor fibres from the vagus nerve (parasympathetic) and spinal cord segments T1-T4

Question 46

Where does the AV node lie?

Answer 46

In the inferior part of the atrial septum

Question 47

Where does the AV bundle of his lie?

Answer 47

Within each side of the ventricular septum

Question 48

What is meant by referred pain?

Answer 48

Pain eminating from an organ but experienced somatically

Question 49

How does the Tunica intima of a muscular artery and an elastic artery differ?

Answer 49

Muscular artery - contains internal elastic lamina

Question 50

What is the difference between the tunica intima of a muscular artery vs an elastic artery?

Answer 50

Muscular: Thick! Few smooth muscle fibres, presence of external elastic lamina Elastic Artery: Extensive elastic fibres in the form of layers

Question 51

What is the difference between muscular arteries and elastic arteries in terms of their tunica adventitia?

Answer 51

Muscular artery: Vasovasorum and broad