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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System Thorax 2 pre practical > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Thorax 2 pre practical Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the mediastinum?

A

The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleurae. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind.

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2
Q

What is contained in the mediastinum?

A

All the organs except the lungs

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the mediastinum?

A

It is divided into two parts: a superior part and an inferior part.

The inferior part is subdivided into three regions all relative to the pericardium: The anterior mediastinum is in front of the pericardium. The middle mediastinum contains the pericardium and its contents. The posterior mediastinum is behind the pericardium.

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4
Q

What is the contents of the superior mediastinum?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

Superior vena cava

Arch of aorta

Vagus, phrenic nerves

Trachea

Oesophagus

Thoracic Duct

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5
Q

What does the anterior mediastinum contain?

A

Thymus

Lymph nodes

Fat

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6
Q

What is contained within the posterior mediastinum?

A

Oesophagus and vagus nerve

Azygos vein

Sympathetic trunk

Thoracic duct

Descending aorta

Splanchnic nerve

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7
Q

What vertebrae does the heart lie opposite?

A

Lies opposite middle 4 thoracic vertebrae (T5-8) in recumbent position

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8
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

5th left ic space, midclavicular line

= l. ventricle

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9
Q

What makes the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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10
Q

What makes up the right border of the heart?

A

Superior vena cava and the right atrium

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11
Q

What makes up the left border of the heart?

A

Aortic arch and the left ventricle

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12
Q

What makes up the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Anterior surface: = r. atrium (1/4),

r. ventricle (2/4), l. ventricle (1/4)

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13
Q

What does the internal thoracic artery give off?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

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14
Q

What does the internal thoracic veins receive?

A

Anterior thoracic veins

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15
Q

What are the main arteries, veins and lymphatics of the chest wall?

A

Internal Thoracic a.

Gives off anterior intercostal arteries

Internal Thoracic v.

Receives anterior thoracic veins

Descending aorta

Inferior vena cava

Azygos vein

Thoracic duct

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16
Q

How do the IVC and SVC lie with the aorta?

A

IVC & SVC lie to right of aorta

Aortic “tango” with IVC

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17
Q

Look

A
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18
Q

Where does the subclavian artery arise from?

A

The aortic arch

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19
Q

Where does the subclavean artery become the axillary artery?

A

At the lateral border of the first rib

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20
Q

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

At the inferior border of teres major

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21
Q

Where does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar arteries?

A

The cubital fossa

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22
Q

What forms the digital arteries?

A

Palmar arches in the palm of the hand formed by the radial and ulnar arteries

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23
Q

Where do superficial veins arise on the upper limb?

A

From the dorsal venous arch on the bac of the hand

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24
Q

What does the cephalic vein do?

A

Travels up the limb on lateral side. Drains into axillary vein below clavicle

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25
Q

What does the basilic vein do?

A

Travels up the limb on the medial side

Becomes continuous with brachial veins (deep veins accompanying brachial a.)

(Cephalic - axillary

Basilic - brachial)

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26
Q

What is the median cubital vein?

A

Median cubital connects cephalic and basilic across cubital fossa

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27
Q

What happens to the external iliac artery in the anterior thigh?

A

Becomes the common femoral artery

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28
Q

What does the common femoral give off?

A

Superficial and deep femoral arteries

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29
Q

What happens to the superficial femoral artery?

A

Popliteal (in the popliteal fossa)

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30
Q

What gives the posterior and anterior tibial artery in the leg?

A

Popliteal artery

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31
Q

What does the posterior tibial give off?

A

The fibular artery and continues medially down to plantar surface of foot (= medial & lateral plantar aa)

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32
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery give off?

A

Ant. tibial continues down anteriorly to dorsum of foot where it becomes dorsalis pedis between 1st & 2nd toes

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33
Q

Where do the superficial veins arise in the lower limb?

A

Superficial veins arise from dorsal arch of foot

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34
Q

Where does the long saphenous vein travel?

A

Long saphenous travels up the limb medially to drain into femoral vein

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35
Q

Where does the short saphenous vein drain ?

A

Short saphenous travels up the limb posteriorly to drain into popliteal

36
Q

What does the popliteal vein become?

A

Femoral vein proximally

37
Q

What does the femoral vein become proximally?

A

External iliac

38
Q

Where do superficial veins drain?

A

Into deep veins

39
Q

Where do the following pulse points of the body arise from?

Superficial temporal and facial

Common carotid

Brachial

Radial

Femoral

Popliteal

Posterior tibial

Dorsalis pedis

A

Superficial temporal and facial - branches of the external carotid

Common carotid - branch of the aortic arch

Brachial - continuation of the axillary

Radial - lateral branch of the brachial

Femoral - continuation of the external iliac

Popliteal - continuation of the femoral

Posterior tibial - branch of the popliteal

Dorsalis pedis - continuation of the anterior tibial

40
Q

What chambers of the heart are in line with the sternum?

A

Right ventricle and the left atrium

41
Q

What are the following landmarks on the CT scan?

A
42
Q

What are the 2 pericardia surrounding the heart?

A

Fibrous and serous pericardia

43
Q

What payer if the heart is also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

Epicardium

44
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium called and what is it filled with?

A

Called the pericardial cavity, it is filled with fluid.

45
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A

Endothelial cells and a thin layer of fat and connective tissue

46
Q

What are the labelled areas of the heart?

A

At the bottom is the coronary sinus

•Openings for:

IVC, SVC, Coronary sinus

  • Interatrial septum
  • Fossa ovalis in ia septum
  • Musculi pectinati
  • Tricuspid valve
47
Q

What are the labelled areas of the heart? (right ventricle)

A

•Tricuspid valve

3 valve cusps

Chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles x3

  • Trabeculae carneae (contractile fleshy struts)
  • Moderator band (Septomarginal trabeculum)
  • Opening for pulmonary trunk
  • Interventricular septum
48
Q

What is the purpose of the trabeculae carnae?

A

Most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surface and thus imparir the hearts ability to pump efficiently.

The papillary muscles themselves are just a specialised form of trabeculae carneae.

49
Q

What are the main identification features of the left atrium?

A

•Openings for:

l + r superior pulmonary veins

l + r inferior pulmonary veins

  • Bicuspid (mitral) valve
  • Smooth-walled, small chamber
50
Q

How does the left atrium lie in respect to the oesophagus?

A

Lies postero-superiorly against the oesophagus

51
Q

What portion of the heart forms the base?

A

Left atrium

52
Q

What is the function of the musculi pectinati?

A

Some sources cite that the pectinate muscles are useful in increasing the power of contraction without increasing heart mass substantially

53
Q

What is the funciton of the moderator band?

A

It carries part of the right bundle branch of the AV bundle to the anterior papillary muscle. This shortcut across the chamber of the ventricle seems to facilitate conduction time, allowing coordinated contraction of the anterior papillary muscle

54
Q

How does the number of papillary muscles differ between left and right atrium?

A

Left ventricle has 2

Right ventricle has 3

55
Q

What are the labelled areas of the left ventricle?

A

Main features

•Biscuspid (mitral valve)

2 valve cusps

Chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles x2

  • Trabeculae carneae
  • Opening for aorta
  • Interventricular septum
  • Wall 3x as thick as right ventricular wall.
56
Q

Which part of the heart forms the apex?

A

The left ventricle

57
Q

What is abnormal about this chest xray?

A

Dextrocardia

58
Q

What is abnormal about this chest x-ray?

A

Cardiomegaly

59
Q

Label the following picture of the heart and the coronary arteries

A
60
Q

Where does the right coronary artery arise from?

A

The right aortic sinus of ascending aorta.

61
Q

What sulcus does the right coronary artery run in?

A

The atrioventricular sulcus

62
Q

At what point does the right coronary artery give off the right marginal artery?

A

At the inferior margin of the heart

63
Q

Where does the left coronary artery arise from?

A

The left aortic sinus of the ascending aorta

64
Q

What sulcus does the left coronary artery run in?

A

The coronary sulcus

65
Q

What does the left coronary artery divide to form?

A

Divides immediately to form left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

66
Q

WHich coronary artery gives off the posterior descending artery in the interventricular sulcus?

A

The right coronary artery on the posterior surface of the heart.

67
Q

What are the two different anastomoses of the coronary arteries?

A
  • Ant + Post descending
  • Circumflex + RCA

Occur on post surface of heart

68
Q

What do anatomists call the anterior descending artery and the posterior descending artery?

A

The anterior interventricular artery and the posterior interventricular artery respectively

69
Q

What are the two major sulci that contain the branches of the coronary arteries?

A
  • Coronary (Atrioventricular) sulcus - between atria + ventricles
  • Interventricular sulcus - between r + l ventricles
70
Q

What are the labelled areas of the heart and the cardiac veins?

A
71
Q

What does the great cardiac vein lie alongside?

A

The anterior interventricular artery

72
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein lie alongside?

A

The posterior interventricular artery

73
Q

What does the small cardiac vein lie alongside?

A

The right marginal artery

74
Q

Where do all th cardiac veins drain?

A

Into the coronary sinus lying alongside the circumflex artery

75
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

The right atrium

76
Q

Which vein drains directly into the right atrium?

A

The anterior cardiac vein

77
Q

What sets the heart’s inherent rate of contraction?

A

Set by a small group of specialized cardiac cells found in the SA node - this rate can be altered through the autonomic nervous system

78
Q

What part of the heart does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

Fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium. Carries pain sensation.

79
Q

What part of the heart does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

Innervates the heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium.

80
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibres originate that innervate the heart and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

Cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia

81
Q

Where do signals inside the heart travel ?

A

Arise in the SA node - stimulate atria to contract

Travel to the AV node - delayed

Conducted through the bundle of his (AV bundle) to the left and right bundle branches and purkinje fibres to the endocardium at the apex of the heart

Then to the ventricular epicardium

82
Q

Describe the artery

A
  • Thick smooth muscular wall
  • Lumen smaller relative to wall than vein
83
Q

Describe the vein

A
  • Thinner wall than artery.
  • Less smooth muscle.
  • Lumen wider relative to wall than artery
84
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Branching striated fibres
  • Central rounded nuclei
  • Intercalated discs
85
Q

Describe muscular arteries

A

•= smaller distributing arteries

•

•Thick smooth muscle in wall, few elastic fibres

86
Q

Describe elastic arteries

A
  • = larger conducting arteries receiving blood directly from heart
  • Numerous laminae of dark-staining, wavy, elastic fibres in wall in amongst smooth muscle fibres

Anatomy (15 decks)

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