Respiratory System: Respiration Cycle and Bicarbonate Buffer System Lab

Question 1

ventilation

Answer 1

mechanical process and involves the movement of air.

Question 2

Respiration

Answer 2

physiological process and involves the exchange of gases in the alveoli (external respiration) and in the cells (internal respiration).

Question 3

what consists of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 3

nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx and the part of the larynx above the vocal folds

Question 4

what consists of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 4

larynx, the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and the alveol

Question 5

what do the trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles act as? and what do they do?

Answer 5

act as conduits and bring air to the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

Question 6

Gas exchange only occurs in?

Answer 6

the smaller, thin-walled terminal portions of the respiratory system.

Question 7

Any inhaled air located in a portion of the tract that is not directly involved in gas exchange is situated within the____________?

Answer 7

anatomical dead space

Question 8

At the beginning of inspiration (= inhalation), the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles ___________, which ________ the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Answer 8

contract, increases

Question 9

increase in volume of the thoracic cavity is accompanied by an increase in the ____________ (i.e.,an increase in volume within the air sacs), which in turn, decreases__________(i.e., creating negative pressure within the air sacs).

Answer 9

intra-alveolar volume, intra-alveolar
pressure

Question 10

what happens As soon as the intra- alveolar pressure falls below the atmospheric pressure?

Answer 10

air flows down the pressure gradient from the atmosphere through the airways and into the expanded alveolar spaces.

Question 11

During inhalation, Airflow will continue until the intra-alveolar pressure is_______ to the ________ _________.

Answer 11

equal, atmospheric pressure.

Question 12

how does expiration begin?

Answer 12

begins with the relaxation of the diaphragm and external
intercostal muscles which decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity to its resting position.

Question 13

decrease in the thoracic cavity is accompanied by a ________in the intra-alveolar volume (i.e., a decrease in volume within the air sacs), which is turn, _________ intra- alveolar pressure (i.e., creating positive pressure within the air sacs).

Answer 13

decrease, increases

Question 14

what happens As soon as the intra-alveolar pressure increases above the atmospheric pressure?

Answer 14

air flows down the pressure gradient from the alveolar spaces through the airways and into the atmosphere

Question 15

T/F: During exhalation, airflow will continue until the intra-alveolar pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The volume of air inspired and expired can be measured using a?

Answer 16

spirometer

Question 17

T/F: A person’s size, sex, age, and physical condition can create variation in respiratory volumes.

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

Normal quiet breathing moves about ________ of air in and out of the lungs with each breath.

Answer 18

500 ml

Question 19

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 19

volume of air inhaled or exhaled during one respiratory cycle
at rest (approx. 500 ml)

Question 20

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 20

volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled
after a normal tidal volume inhalation (used during deep breathing, approx. 1900 – 3300 ml).

Question 21

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 21

volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled
after a normal tidal volume exhalation (used during deep breathing, approx. 700 –1000 ml)

Question 22

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 22

volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal
exhalation (cannot be measured by spirometry)

Question 23

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Answer 23

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following a
resting state (= TV + IRV).

Question 24

Function Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 24

volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end
of a normal exhalation (= ERV + RV)

Question 25

Vital capacity (VC)

Answer 25

maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal
inspiration (= TV + IRV + ERV)

Question 26

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Answer 26

maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate
or sum of all volume compartments (= TV, IRV, ERV, RV).

Question 27

in the bicarbonate buffer system, why is the pulmonary ventilation necessary?

Answer 27

necessary for continuous oxygenation of the blood and
removal of CO2 (a waste product of cellular respiration) from the blood.

Question 28

T/F: Blood pH must be relatively constant for the cells of the body to function optimally.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

The carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system of the blood is extremely important because it helps do what?

Answer 29

stabilize arterial blood pH at 7.4.

Question 30

what happens when CO2 diffuses into the blood from the tissue cells?

Answer 30

much of it enters red blood cells (= RBC), where it combines with water to form carbonic acid (= H2 CO3 ). This
reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

Question 31

H+ released into the blood by the body cells (e.g., lactic acids, ketone bodies) tend to?

Answer 31

lower the pH of the blood and to cause it to become acidic.

Question 32

basic substances that enter the blood tend to cause the blood to become?

Answer 32

alkaline and causes the blood pH to rise.

Question 33

Chemoreceptors

Answer 33

control the rate of breathing and are stimulated by a rise in blood CO2 and a consequent fall in blood pH.

Question 34

hypoventilation

Answer 34

excessively slow or shallow breathing (increase in CO2)

Question 35

hyperventilation

Answer 35

fast deep breathing (decrease in CO2)

Question 36

in hyper and hypoventilation the buffering ability of the blood is inadequate and can result in?

Answer 36

respiratory acidosis or alkalosis

Question 37

T/F: maintaining the normal rate and depth of breathing is important for proper control of blood pH.

Answer 37

true