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Physiology Lab > Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Cycle Lab > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Cycle Lab Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers does the heart have? Atria? Ventricles?

A

4 chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles

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2
Q

what are the atria in the heart completely separated by?

A

interatrial septum

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3
Q

what are the ventricles in the heart completely separated by?

A

inter ventricular system

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4
Q

Describe the pulmonary circuit

A

Right atrium pumps O2 poor blood (from body tissues) into the right ventricle through an atrioventricular valve also known as the tricuspid valve. then the right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs for oxygenation through a semilunar valve known as the pulmonary valve.

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5
Q

Describe the systemic circuit

A

The left atrium pumps the O2 rich blood (from the lungs) into the left ventricle through an atrioventricular valve known as the bicuspid valve. then the left ventricle pumps the blood through the semilunar valve known as the aortic valve and into the aorta to be distributed into the body.

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6
Q

one complete heartbeat is measured by a succession of changes in?

A

blood volume and pressure within the heart

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7
Q

Diastole

A

ventricular relaxation

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8
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction

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9
Q

The cardiac cycle begins with the heart in ________ _________?

A

ventricular diastole

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10
Q

the the heart is in ventricular diastole the pressure within the heart is?

A

very low

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11
Q

describe the entire cardiac cycle

A
  • begins with the heart in ventricular diastole (pressure within the heart is very low)
  • O2 -poor blood returning from the heart from
    the body tissues (= via the superior and inferior vena cava) enters the right atrium and passively passes through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle.
  • Simultaneously, O2 -rich blood returning to heart from the lungs (=via pulmonary veins of the pulmonary circuit) enters the left atrium and passively passes through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle.
  • both atria contract which increases intra-atrial pressure and forces remaining residual blood in the atria to pass through both atrioventricular valves and into the ventricles
  • ventricular systole begins, and intraventricular pressure rapidly increases
  • When the intraventricular pressure exceeds that of intra atrial pressure, both atrioventricular valves close
  • the pressure inside the right ventricle exceeds that of the pressure inside the pulmonary trunk and O2 -poor blood is ejected through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary circuit (to be oxygenated).
  • Simultaneously, the pressure inside the left ventricle exceeds that of the pressure inside the aorta and O2 -rich blood is ejected through the aortic semilunar valve and into the systemic circuit (to supply the body tissues).
  • At the end of ventricular systole, the ventricles start to relax, and diastole begins.
  • When the pressure inside the pulmonary trunk and aorta exceeds that of the intraventricular pressure, both semilunar valves snap shut (preventing any backflow of blood into ventricles).
  • When the aortic semilunar valve snaps shut, there is a momentary increase in pressure within the aorta (known as the dicrotic notch).
  • As the ventricles continue to relax, eventually the intraventricular pressure falls below the intra-atrial pressure and both atrioventricular valves open and the ventricles begin to fill with blood again
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12
Q

When the intraventricular pressure exceeds that of intra-atrial pressure what happens?

A

both atrioventricular valves close (preventing any backflow of blood into the atria).

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13
Q

At the end of ventricular systole, what happens?

A

the ventricles start to relax, and diastole begins

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14
Q

the movement of blood through the heart during the cardiac cycle is controlled by?

A
  • Alternating contraction and relaxation of the atrial and ventricular myocardium.
  • Opening and closing of valves (which is entirely dependent on the pressure changes within the heart chambers).
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15
Q

what is the average heart beats per minute?

A

75 beats/min

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16
Q

what is the length of the cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 seconds

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17
Q

Atrial contraction occupies the first ______ seconds

A

0.1 seconds

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18
Q

atrial contraction is then followed by atrial relaxation and ventricular contraction for the next _______ seconds

A

0.3 seconds

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19
Q

The remaining ______ sec is the quiescent, or ventricular relaxation, period. (When the heart beats at a more rapid pace than normal, this last period decreases)

A

0.4 seconds

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20
Q

Blood pressure (BP) is defined as?

A

is defined as the pressure the blood exerts against any unit area of the blood vessel walls

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21
Q

where is blood pressure measured?

A

arteries

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22
Q

why do you take two blood pressure readings?

A

Because the heart alternately contracts and relaxes, the resulting rhythmic flow of blood into the arteries causes the blood pressure to rise and fall during each cardiac cycle.

23
Q

what are the two blood pressure reading you take?

A

Systolic pressure and Diastolic pressure

24
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular
contraction

25
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

pressure during ventricular relaxation

26
Q

Blood pressures are reported in?

A

millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

27
Q

which blood pressure reading comes first?

A

systolic pressure

28
Q

120/80 translates to?

A

systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg over a diastolic pressure of 80 mm Hg

29
Q

what is the mathematical difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure called?

A

pulse pressure

30
Q

Pulse pressure is directly related to __________ of the heart and inversely related to heart rate and ________________.

A

stroke volume, peripheral resistance

31
Q

Flow through a closed circuit, such as the systemic circuit, is determined by?

A
  • the pressure energy causing the flow
  • the resistance to flow offered by the blood
    vessel walls (friction)
  • the internal viscosity of the blood.
32
Q

The relationship between flow (F), pressure (P) causing the flow, and resistance (R)
to the flow is expressed as?

A

F = P/R

33
Q

Flow is expressed as?

A

liters/min

34
Q

pressure is expressed as?

A

mm Hg

35
Q

resistance is expressed as?

A

peripheral resistance units

36
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP).

A

The pressure (P) is neither systolic nor diastolic but rather a pressure in between the two

37
Q

Mean arterial pressure converts…

A

pulsatile pressure (systolic/diastolic) into a continuous pressure that determines the average rate of blood flow from the beginning of the circuit (left ventricle) to the end of the circuit (right atrium).

38
Q

T/F: During the cardiac cycle, or one heartbeat, the ventricle spends more time in diastole than it spends in systole

A

true

39
Q

why is the mean arterial pressure not the
mathematical average of systolic and diastolic pressure?

A

Because during the cardiac cycle, or one heartbeat, the ventricle spends more time in diastole than it spends in systole

40
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) can be calculated using what
equation?

A

MAP= (systolic pressure + 2 diastolic pressure) /3

41
Q

what is the most common indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure?

A

auscultatory method

42
Q

what does the auscultatory method use to measure?

A

stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer (= blood pressure cuff)

43
Q

cuff pressure is gradually released, the examiner listens with a stethoscope for characteristic sounds called the?sounds of Korotkoff,

A

sounds of Korotkoff (which indicate the resumption
of blood flow into the forearm.)

44
Q

The pressure at which the first soft tapping sounds
can be detected is recorded as the?

A

systolic pressure

45
Q

At what point does the sound of Korotkoff can no longer be detected?

A

As the pressure is reduced still further, below the diastolic pressure, the artery is no longer compressed and blood flows freely and without turbulence.

46
Q

The pressure at which the sounds disappear
is recorded as the?

A

diastolic pressure.

47
Q

Sounds associated with the cardiac cycle results from?

A
  • turbulent blood flow
  • valve closure
48
Q

The first heart sound “lub”, known as S1,
occurs during? and is caused by?

A

ventricular systole, the closure of the atrioventricular valves and opening of the semilunar valves

49
Q

The second heart sound “dub”, known as S2, occurs during? and is caused by?

A

ventricular diastole (relaxation of the ventricular muscle), and is caused by closure of the semilunar valves and opening of the atrioventricular valves.

50
Q

The third heart sound (S3) is caused by?

A

turbulent blood flow associated with rapid filling of the
ventricles just after the opening of the atrioventricular valves

51
Q

The fourth heart sound (S4) is caused by?

A

turbulent blood flow into the ventricles due to atrial
contraction.

52
Q

Abnormal heart sounds are called? often indicate?

A

murmurs, often indicate valvular problems

53
Q

In valves that do not close tightly, closure is followed by?

A

swishing sound due to the backflow of blood (regurgitation).

54
Q

istinct sounds, often described as high-pitched
screeching, are associated with the?

A

tortuous flow of blood through constricted, or
stenosed, valves

Physiology Lab (11 decks)

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