nervous system: autonomic reflexes Flashcards
somatic reflexes
involves the stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic division of the nervous system
what are some examples of somatic reflexes?
stretch, crossed extension withdrawl, superficial/cutaneous reflexes
if the motor responce involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands, the relfx is an ___________ ________.
autonomic reflex
autonomic nervous system (ANS) is part of the _______ ________ _______ and is under _________ ________.
peripheral nervous system, involuntary control
what is the goal of the autonomic nervous system?
maintain homeostasis
the ANS can be subdivided into the?
parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight)
the neural pathway of both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions consist of what?
preganglionic neurons
where do the preganglionic neurons originate from?
central nervous system
where do the preganglionic neurons travel to and synapse with?
synapse with the postganglionic neurons located within the autonomic ganglion in the periphery. then they will travel to and innervate/supply specific effector organs. (sweat gland, cardiac muscle, stomach, smooth muscle, smooth muscle of artery)
parasympathetic division
long preganglionic neurons, originating in the brainstem and exit the skull via foramina as 4 crainial nerves
what are the 4 cranial nerves in parasympathetic division?
oculomotor (3), facial nerve (7), glossopharyngeal nerve (4), vagus nerve (5)
oculomotor nerve (3)
consist of preganglionic neurons that synapse with postganglionic neurons located in the ciliary ganglion. The postganglionic neurons form this ganglion will supply the smooth muscle that constricts the pupil of the eye
what is the smooth muscle in the oculomotor nerve that constricts the pupil of the eye called?
iris sphincter muscle
facial nerve (7)
Consists of preganglionic neurons that synapse with postganglionic neurons located in the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia. The postganglionic neurons from these ganglia will in turn supply the lacrimal gland and the submandibular and sublingual salivary
glands respectively.
what gland produced tears associated with the facial nerve?
lacrimal gland
what gland produces saliva and is associated with the facial nerve?
sublingual salivary glands
glossopharyngeal nerve (4)
consists of preganglionic neurons that synapse with postganglionic neurons located in the otic ganglion. The postganglionic neurons from this ganglion will in turn innervate the parotid salivary gland (producing saliva).
what gland produces saliva and is associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?
parotid salivary gland
vagus nerve (5)
consists of preganglionic neurons that synapse with postganglionic neurons located in ganglia, known as intramural ganglia, that are embedded within various viscera (= organs) located within the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The postganglionic neurons from these intramural ganglia, will in turn, innervate smooth/cardiac muscle.
ciliary ganglion
oculomotor nerve (3)
pterygoppalatine ganglion
facial nerve (7)
submandibular ganglion
facial nerve (7)
otic ganglion
glossopharyngeal nerve (4)
cardiac and pulmonary plexuses
vagus nerve (5)
In sympathetic division where do the short preganglionic neurons originate?
in the spinal cord between the first thoacic vertebrae (T1) and the second lumbar vertebrae (L2)
process of sympathetic division
The preganglionic neurons
exit the spinal cord via the ventral roots and enter spinal nerves. Shortly thereafter,
the preganglionic neurons will temporarily leave the spinal nerve via white rami to
synapse with long postganglionic neurons located in the ganglia of the sympathetic
chain (that runs along each side of the vertebral column). The postganglionic
neurons return to the spinal nerves (via gray rami) and travel to and innervate
specific effectors (e.g., smooth/cardiac muscle and glands) throughout the body.
