Respiratory System Pt.2 Flashcards
The body needs to remove _________ and take ____________
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Oxygen (O2)
Hypoxia is ____________
Not enough oxygen
Hypercapnia is ________
Too much carbon dioxide
Partial pressure is
The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
Partial pressure is also applied to gases dissolved in _____ such as ________
-Liquid
-Water
Partial pressures dissolve until they reach _________
Equilibrium
The alveolus and body tissues have different ______
Environments in terms of respiratory gases
The gradients of the alveolus and body tissues drive gas exchange in each location due to ________
Diffusion
Why do most O2 transport occur via hemoglobin binding?
Because O2 has low solubility
How much of O2 in blood is bound to hemoglobin in RBCs?
98%
How much of O2 is dissolved in plasma ?
2%
O2 movement occurs via diffusion in different environments. What happens in high O2 environments (alveolus)?
O2 binds hemoglobin within RBCs
O2 movement occurs via diffusion in different environments. What happens in low O2 environments (peripheral tissues)?
O2 unbinds hemoglobin and moves to peripheral tissues for use in cellular respiration
What ways is Carbon dioxide transported ?
- 23% bound to hemoglobin
- 7% of CO2 is dissolved in plasma
- 70% converted to bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
What does the conversion to bicarbonate allow?
1.Additional transport mechanism of CO2 to lungs
2.Buffer for metabolic acids in plasma
In peripheral tissues, Co2 turns into _______ due to _________ which is _________
-HCO3-
-Carbonic anhydrase
- An enzyme concentrated within RBCs
This reaction is reversed by carbonic anhydrase in the lungs, allowing _________
CO2 to be removed via respiration
Ventilation is controlled by ___________
Rhythmically discharging respiratory neurons in brainstem
Control of ventilation is influenced by
- Sensory information
- Voluntary control
- Homeostasis (regulate pH)
Breathing regulates pH by removing ____
CO2
Increased respiration makes
Blood more basic
Decreased respiration makes
Blood more acidic
Autonomic nervous system is
The motor branch that controls automatic processes
Sympathetic nervous system
Stimulates a set of responses for times of stress “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic nervous system
Stimulates automatic responses for times of calm “rest and digest”
In most cases, sympathetic/ parasympathetic neurons both ______________
Extend to the same tissue
The firing of the sympathetic/ parasympathetic neurons is based on __________
Different environments and have opposite effects an example is constrict vs dilate pupil
Sympathetic ONLY extends to
Adrenal glands, stimulating release of hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) (this means that the parasympathetic system cannot)
In response to stress sympathetic neurons release _______
Norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)
In response to stress sympathetic neurons cause _______
Epinephrine (hormone) release from adrenal medulla
