Respiratory System Pt.2

Question 1

The body needs to remove _________ and take ____________

Answer 1

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Oxygen (O2)

Question 2

Hypoxia is ____________

Answer 2

Not enough oxygen

Question 3

Hypercapnia is ________

Answer 3

Too much carbon dioxide

Question 4

Partial pressure is

Answer 4

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

Question 5

Partial pressure is also applied to gases dissolved in _____ such as ________

Answer 5

-Liquid
-Water

Question 6

Partial pressures dissolve until they reach _________

Answer 6

Equilibrium

Question 7

The alveolus and body tissues have different ______

Answer 7

Environments in terms of respiratory gases

Question 8

The gradients of the alveolus and body tissues drive gas exchange in each location due to ________

Answer 8

Diffusion

Question 9

Why do most O2 transport occur via hemoglobin binding?

Answer 9

Because O2 has low solubility

Question 10

How much of O2 in blood is bound to hemoglobin in RBCs?

Answer 10

98%

Question 11

How much of O2 is dissolved in plasma ?

Answer 11

2%

Question 12

O2 movement occurs via diffusion in different environments. What happens in high O2 environments (alveolus)?

Answer 12

O2 binds hemoglobin within RBCs

Question 13

O2 movement occurs via diffusion in different environments. What happens in low O2 environments (peripheral tissues)?

Answer 13

O2 unbinds hemoglobin and moves to peripheral tissues for use in cellular respiration

Question 14

What ways is Carbon dioxide transported ?

Answer 14

1. 23% bound to hemoglobin
2. 7% of CO2 is dissolved in plasma
3. 70% converted to bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Question 15

What does the conversion to bicarbonate allow?

Answer 15

1.Additional transport mechanism of CO2 to lungs
2.Buffer for metabolic acids in plasma

Question 16

In peripheral tissues, Co2 turns into _______ due to _________ which is _________

Answer 16

-HCO3-
-Carbonic anhydrase
- An enzyme concentrated within RBCs

Question 17

This reaction is reversed by carbonic anhydrase in the lungs, allowing _________

Answer 17

CO2 to be removed via respiration

Question 18

Ventilation is controlled by ___________

Answer 18

Rhythmically discharging respiratory neurons in brainstem

Question 19

Control of ventilation is influenced by

Answer 19

1. Sensory information
2. Voluntary control
3. Homeostasis (regulate pH)

Question 20

Breathing regulates pH by removing ____

Answer 20

CO2

Question 21

Increased respiration makes

Answer 21

Blood more basic

Question 22

Decreased respiration makes

Answer 22

Blood more acidic

Question 23

Autonomic nervous system is

Answer 23

The motor branch that controls automatic processes

Question 23

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 23

Stimulates a set of responses for times of stress “fight or flight”

Question 24

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 24

Stimulates automatic responses for times of calm “rest and digest”

Question 25

In most cases, sympathetic/ parasympathetic neurons both ______________

Answer 25

Extend to the same tissue

Question 26

The firing of the sympathetic/ parasympathetic neurons is based on __________

Answer 26

Different environments and have opposite effects an example is constrict vs dilate pupil

Question 27

Sympathetic ONLY extends to

Answer 27

Adrenal glands, stimulating release of hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) (this means that the parasympathetic system cannot)

Question 28

In response to stress sympathetic neurons release _______

Answer 28

Norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)

Question 29

In response to stress sympathetic neurons cause _______

Answer 29

Epinephrine (hormone) release from adrenal medulla